Chrysanthemum (Chrysanthemum) - Chrysanthemum

Japanese: キク(菊) - キク

A garden plant belonging to the Chrysanthemum genus, it is widely cultivated as a potted plant or for cut flowers, and there are many cultivars. There are various sizes of flower heads and shapes and colors of ray florets, but in taxonomic terms there is only one species called 'iegiku' (house daisy). There are various theories about its origin, but the most widely accepted theory is that it is a hybrid between Aster koraiensis, which grows wild in China, and Aster shimakanensis, and was introduced to Japan during the Nara period. Cultivation of chrysanthemums developed during the Edo period, and many cultivars were created, and it has developed further since the Meiji period. House daisies are usually classified into large, medium, and small daisies based on the size of the flower head, and then further divided into categories based on the shape and posture of the ray florets. Large daisies have flower heads with a diameter of around 20 cm and are divided into thick, tubular, and wide varieties. Thick varieties have ray florets that embrace the center from all sides and rise into a hemisphere when in full bloom; they are classified as grasping, embracing or running flowers depending on the shape of the outer petals. Tubular varieties have tubular ray florets and are classified as thick-tubular, intermediate-tubular or thin-tubular depending on their thickness. Broad varieties have flat, wide ray florets; single florets are called ichimonji and triple to quadruple florets are called minogiku. Medium-sized chrysanthemums have flower heads with a diameter of around 10 cm and come in three types of ray florets: flat, tubular or spoon-petaled (the tubular petals end in flat petals). Single florets with flat or tubular petals that open flat into a wheel shape are called Higogiku, flat petals that stand up around the center are called Sagagiku, and many flat petals that bloom in a profusion around the center with the surrounding petals drooping are called Isegiku. Small chrysanthemums are 5cm or less in diameter, and have flat, tubular or spoon-shaped petals that can be single to double. Special types include Nanako-zakura and Azami-zakura. The above are Japanese chrysanthemums, and one of them, the ryori-giku, is cultivated mainly in the Tohoku region for its edible flowers. The ones that were introduced from China to Europe and developed there for ornamental purposes are called Western chrysanthemums. There are about 20 species of chrysanthemums that grow wild in Japan. Many grow on the Pacific coast, including Hama-giku and Kohama-giku from Kanto north to Hokkaido, Isogiku from Kanto to Tokaido, Noji-giku from Shikoku to Kyushu, Shio-giku in Shikoku, Satsumagiku in Kyushu, and San-ingiku on the Japan Sea side of Honshu. Ryuno-giku are common in the low mountains from Honshu to Shikoku, and Iwainchin is found in the subalpine mountains of Honshu. In addition, the non-native species, Garland chrysanthemum, is cultivated as a vegetable, and margarets, French daisies, and Shasta daisies are cultivated for ornamental purposes. In the past, the white-flowered chrysanthemum (Jochudaisy) was used for medicinal purposes. The chrysanthemum has also been used as a coat of arms since ancient times. It became the coat of arms of the Imperial family after the Kamakura period, and in 1871 (Meiji 4), the use of the chrysanthemum crest by anyone other than the imperial family was expressly prohibited, and it was decided that the imperial family would use the 16-petal double chrysanthemum and the imperial family would use the 14-petal reverse chrysanthemum.
→ Related topics: Sympetalous flowers

Source : Heibonsha Encyclopedia About MyPedia Information

Japanese:

キク属Chrysanthemumに属する園芸植物で，鉢物，切り花用などとして広く栽培され，多くの園芸品種がある。頭花の大小，舌状花の形や色などさまざまであるが，分類学上は１種類でイエギクといわれる。由来については諸説があるが，中国に自生するチョウセンノギクとシマカンギクとの交雑に由来し，奈良時代日本に渡来したという説が有力である。キクの栽培は江戸時代に発達し多くの品種がつくられ，明治以降さらに発展した。イエギクの分類は，普通はまず頭花の大きさにより大菊，中菊，小菊に，さらに舌状花の形質や姿勢により細かく分けられる。大菊は頭花の径20cm内外のもので，厚物，管物，広物に分ける。厚物は舌状花が四方から中心をかかえるように組み合い満開時には半球状に盛り上がるもので，外側の弁の姿により掴(つかみ)咲，抱(かかえ)咲，走り付きなどに分ける。管物は舌状花が管状になり，太さにより太管，間管(まくだ)，細管に分ける。広物は舌状花が扁平幅広のもので，一重のものを一文字，三重から四重のものを美濃菊という。中菊は頭花の径10cm内外のもので，舌状花は平弁，管弁，さじ弁（管弁の先が平弁になる）の３種になる。一重で平弁または管弁が車状に平開するものを肥後菊，平弁が中心を囲み立つものを嵯峨(さが)菊，多数の平弁が中心を囲み乱れ咲き，周囲の弁がたれるものを伊勢菊という。小菊は径５cm以下のもので，平弁，管弁，さじ弁が一重から八重になる。特殊のものに魚子(ななこ)咲やアザミ咲などがある。以上は和菊であるが，その一品種である料理ギクは花を食用にするため，東北地方でおもに栽培されている。また中国からヨーロッパに渡り，そこで観賞用として発達したものを洋菊という。　日本に野生するキク属は，20種内外ある。太平洋側の海辺にはえるものが多く，関東以北から北海道にハマギク，コハマギク，関東から東海道にイソギク，四国から九州にノジギク，四国にシオギク，九州にサツマギク，本州の日本海側にサンインギクなどがある。本州から四国の低山にはリュウノウギクが多く，本州の亜高山にイワインチンがある。また外来種のシュンギクが野菜として，マーガレット，フランスギク，シャスタデージーなどが観賞用に栽培されている。かつてはシロバナムシヨケギク（ジョチュウギク）が薬用として利用された。　なお菊は古来，紋章にも用いられる。皇室の紋章となったのは鎌倉期以後で，1871年（明治４年）に皇族以外での菊花紋の使用がはっきり禁止され，天皇家は16花弁八重菊，皇族は14花弁裏菊と定められた。
→関連項目合弁花

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