Chemically, metals whose ionization energy is much greater than that of hydrogen and which are not affected by acids or oxidizing agents. Examples include gold, platinum, ruthenium, rhodium, osmium, and iridium. Silver does not dissolve in non-oxidizing acids in the absence of dissolved oxygen, and is generally considered to be one of the precious metals. Precious metals have high corrosion resistance in normal usage environments, and are used in currency, jewelry, electrodes, electrical contacts, plating, dental materials, chemical equipment, etc. Precious metals are often used in alloys. For example, 14 or 18 carat (carat is a measure of purity; pure gold is 24 carat) gold-silver-copper alloys are used for decorative crowns, and 22 carat gold-silver-copper alloys are used for dental crowns. Gold alloys containing 10-20% nickel, 2-20% copper, and 2-10% zinc are silver-white in color and are used for decorative and dental purposes. Platinum alloys containing 10 or 13% rhodium are used for thermocouples, and platinum alloys containing 15 and 20% iridium are used for standard scales and weights, respectively. Gold and platinum also corrode in special environments. Gold is attacked by dry halogens, especially bromine. It dissolves in aqua regia, a mixture of hydrochloric and nitric acid, and in potassium cyanide solutions that contain dissolved oxygen. Platinum also corrodes in aqua regia. Hot ferric chloride solutions also attack platinum. [Katsuhisa Sugimoto] Source: Shogakukan Encyclopedia Nipponica About Encyclopedia Nipponica Information | Legend |
化学的にみてイオン化エネルギーが水素のそれよりもはるかに大きく、酸および酸化剤に侵されない金属。金、白金、ルテニウム、ロジウム、オスミウム、イリジウムなどがある。銀は溶存酸素がなければ非酸化性の酸に溶けず、一般に貴金属の仲間に入れられることが多い。貴金属は通常の使用環境中では高い耐食性をもち、通貨、装飾品、電極、電気接点、めっき、歯科用材料、化学器具などに使用される。 貴金属は合金にして使用されることも多い。たとえば装飾用には14または18カラット(カラットは純度を表す尺度で、純金を24カラットとする)、歯科用の金冠には22カラットの金‐銀‐銅合金を用いる。ニッケルを10~20%、銅を2~20%、亜鉛を2~10%含む金合金は銀白色で、ホワイトゴールドとよばれ装飾用や歯科用に用いる。ロジウムを10または13%含む白金合金は測温用熱電対(つい)として、イリジウムを15および20%含む白金合金はそれぞれ標準尺度用および標準重量用に使用される。 金や白金も特殊な環境中では腐食される。金は乾燥ハロゲン、とくに臭素には侵される。塩酸と硝酸の混酸である王水や、溶存酸素を含む青化カリ溶液には溶解する。白金も王水中では腐食する。高温の塩化第二鉄溶液も白金を侵食する。 [杉本克久] 出典 小学館 日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)について 情報 | 凡例 |
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