Wihwa Island - Ikato (English spelling)

Japanese: 威化島 - いかとう（英語表記）Wihwa-do

Located at the mouth of the Yalu River, this island belongs to Wihwa-myeon, Uiju-gun, North Pyongan-do, Korea. It is also called Nakanoshima. During the Goryeo period, it was called Taima Island, and was an important location for national defense since ancient times. In May of the 14th year of the reign of Jinchang (1388), Yi Seong-gye, who was then the governor of the right army, advanced to this island with 50,000 troops in order to attack Liaodong, which was not his intention, but he finally decided to retreat and retreated to Kaegyeong (present-day Kaesong), expelling the conservative pro-Yuan faction and dethroning the king. This was the turning point that led to the downfall of the Goryeo dynasty and the establishment of the Joseon dynasty (Yi dynasty). This is the famous incident known as the "Return of the Army to Wihwa Island." In the early Joseon Dynasty, Wihwa Island, together with Osek Island and Geumdong Island, were called the Three Islands, and people migrated, cultivated, and farmed there. However, after an attack by the Jurchens in the 5th year of King Sejo's reign (1459), the government prohibited cultivation. Later, during the reign of King Jeongjo (1777-1800), discussions were held about reclamation, but due to its location near the border, this did not come to fruition. In the 10th year of King Sunjo's reign (1810), thanks to the efforts of Jo Heungjin, governor of Uiju, the government allowed large-scale reclamation and cultivation. As a result of this reclamation, the farmers of Wihwa Island were granted perpetual tenancy rights, unlike ordinary tenant farming.

Source: Encyclopaedia Britannica Concise Encyclopedia About Encyclopaedia Britannica Concise Encyclopedia Information

Japanese:

朝鮮，鴨緑江の河口に位置し，平安北道義州郡威化面に所属する島。中之島ともいう。高麗時代には大麻島 (たいまとう) と称し，古来国防上重要な地であった。辛昌 14 (1388) 年5月，当時右軍の都統使であった李成桂が，彼の本意でない明の遼東攻撃のために，5万の軍隊を引連れてこの島まで進んだが，ついに撤退を決意して開京 (現開城) に回軍し，守旧的な親元派を追放し，王を廃位した。このことが高麗朝を倒し，朝鮮王朝 (李朝) を建てる契機となった。これが「威化島の回軍」という有名な事件である。朝鮮王朝の初期に於赤 (おせき) ，黔同 (けんどう) の両島とともに三島と称し，移住，開墾，耕作を行なっていたが，世祖5 (1459) 年女真の襲撃を受けて以来，耕作を政府から禁止された。その後，正祖 (在位 1777～1800) 時代にも開墾の議は出たが，位置が国境に近いため実現をみるにいたらなかった。純祖 10 (1810) 年になって，義州府尹趙興鎮 (ちょうこうちん) の努力によって，政府から大規模な開墾，耕作を許可されたという。その開墾により威化島の農民には，普通の小作と異なり，永代小作権が認められていた。

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