Collaboration - Kooparation (English) German

Japanese: 協業 - きょうぎょう(英語表記)Kooparation ドイツ語
Collaboration - Kooparation (English) German

It is a form of cooperation in which many people work side by side in a planned manner in the same production process or in different but connected production processes. Cooperation itself was also seen sporadically in pre-capitalist modes of production, but it was based on the sharing of production conditions or communal regulation. It is under capitalism that this becomes the basic form of production, and capitalist cooperation takes the form of many workers working simultaneously in the same production process under the direction of the same capitalist to produce the same commodity. This type of cooperation, which is the starting point of capitalist production, is called simple cooperation, as opposed to the more developed form of cooperation based on the division of labor (= manufacture). Simple cooperation increases the productivity of labor by simply gathering workers in the same workplace, stimulating their competitive spirit and tensing their vitality, and by sharing the means of production, it increases relative savings. Therefore, cooperation becomes a means for capital to produce relative surplus value. For collaboration to take place, a certain amount of capital must be accumulated in the hands of the capitalist, and the scale of collaboration depends on the degree of accumulation. Just as an orchestra needs a conductor, collaboration among many workers requires the direction of the capitalist, and in order to suppress worker rebellions, the capitalist's supervision is also necessary, and direction and supervision are gradually improved and systematized.

[Nihei Satoshi]

[Reference] | Division of Labor

Source: Shogakukan Encyclopedia Nipponica About Encyclopedia Nipponica Information | Legend

Japanese:

同一の生産過程において、または相異なっているが連絡のある諸生産過程において、多数の者が計画的に相並び相ともに協力して労働する形態をいう。協業そのものは、資本主義以前の生産様式においても散在的にみられたが、それは生産諸条件の共有かまたは共同体的規制に基づくものであった。これが生産の基本形態となるのは資本主義のもとにおいてであり、資本制的協業は、多数の労働者が同時に同一の生産過程で同一商品の生産のために同一資本家の指揮のもとで働くという形態をとる。こうした資本制的生産の出発点をなす協業を、より発展した形態である分業に基づく協業(=マニュファクチュア)に対して単純協業という。単純協業は、労働者を同一作業場に寄せ集めただけで生産様式は以前と変化はないが、労働の力学的力能を高め、個々人の競争心を刺激して彼らの活力を緊張させ、また生産手段を共同利用することによって相対的に節約するなどのために、労働生産力を高める。したがって協業は資本にとって相対的剰余価値生産のための一手段となる。協業が成立するためには資本家の手元に一定量の資本が集積されていなければならず、協業の規模はその集積の程度に依存する。オーケストラに指揮が必要なように、多数の労働者の協業は資本家の指揮を必要とするとともに、労働者の反抗を抑えるためにも資本家の監督が必要となり、指揮・監督はしだいに整備され、体系化される。

[二瓶 敏]

[参照項目] | 分業

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