Cinchona - Cinchona

Japanese: キナノキ - きなのき
Cinchona - Cinchona

A general term for evergreen tall trees of the Cinchona genus of the Rubiaceae family (APG classification: Rubiaceae). It includes 15-65 species, but only four are important. It is native to the eastern foothills of the Andes in western South America, at 1,200-3,600 meters above sea level, between 10 degrees north and 20 degrees south latitude (Colombia, Ecuador, Peru, Bolivia). The bark contains about 24 alkaloids, mainly quinine, which are effective in treating malaria, making it the most important herbal medicine in tropical regions. The Incas knew about its effects from ancient times, but it was not widely used until 1865, when the Dutch succeeded in large-scale cultivation in the highlands south of Bandung in Java.

C. pubescens Vahl ( C. succirubra Pav. et Kl.) grows to a height of 25 meters, with opposite, stalked, ovate or elliptical leaves with entire margins. Pale pink-purple flowers grow in panicles at the ends of the branches around July. The bark is red, so it is called red bark in the market. C. calisaya Wedd. is the species that was first transplanted to Java (1855). It has oblong leaves, pale red-purple flowers, and pale yellow-brown bark, so it is called yellow bark. Bolivian cinchona , C. calisaya Wedd. ( C. ledgeriana Moens) was sold to the Dutch government in 1865 by British cinchona bark trader George Ledger. It never reaches a maximum height of 10 meters, has lanceolate leaves, pale yellow flowers, and pale yellowish brown bark; it is called Ledger bark. C. officinalis L. has small, ovate or lanceolate leaves with reddish petioles and pale pink flowers. This bark is called crown bark. C. hybrida is a hybrid of Bolivian cinchona grafted onto red cinchona, and has the highest quinine content.

During World War II, Java produced 90% of the world's annual production, but after the war, the United States, which had influence in the region, tried to cultivate it, and it began to be cultivated widely in tropical regions. However, due to the development of synthetic malaria treatment drugs, cinchona cultivation was neglected for a time, but the importance of cinchona bark has recently been recognized again due to the development of resistance caused by the large-scale use of synthetic drugs.

[Motoo Nagasawa May 21, 2021]

Cultural history

The genus name Cinchona comes from Count Chinchón (1589-1647), the Spanish governor of Peru in the 17th century. According to one theory, when the countess fell ill with malaria in Lima in 1638, her personal physician D. J. Vega gave her cinchona bark, which cured her, and she brought it back to her home country, where it became widespread. In 1820, French chemist Pierre-Joseph Pelletier (1788-1842) and pharmacist Joseph Bienaimé Caventou (1795-1877) worked together to successfully extract quinine from cinchona bark.

[Hiroshi Yuasa May 21, 2021]

[References] | Quinine | Malaria

Source: Shogakukan Encyclopedia Nipponica About Encyclopedia Nipponica Information | Legend

Japanese:

アカネ科(APG分類:アカネ科)キナノキ属Cinchonaの常緑高木の総称。15~65種を含むが、重要なものは4種である。南アメリカ西部のアンデス山脈東麓(とうろく)の海抜1200~3600メートル、北緯10度から南緯20度までの範囲(コロンビア、エクアドル、ペルー、ボリビア)を原産地とする。樹皮はキニーネを主とする約24種のアルカロイドを含み、それがマラリアの治療に有効であるため、熱帯地域ではもっとも重要な生薬(しょうやく)である。インカの人々は昔からその作用を知っていたが、広く使われるようになったのは1865年以後で、オランダがジャワのバンドン南部の高地で大規模な栽培に成功してからである。

 アカキナノキC. pubescens Vahl(C. succirubra Pav. et Kl.)は高さ25メートルに達し、葉は対生し有柄、卵形ないし楕円(だえん)形で全縁。7月ころ淡紅紫色の花が円錐(えんすい)花序をなして枝先につく。樹皮は赤いので市場ではレッドバークred barkとよんでいる。カリサヤC. calisaya Wedd.はジャワに最初(1855年)に移植された種類である。葉は長楕円形、花は淡赤紫色で、樹皮は淡黄褐色なのでイエローバークyellow barkと称されている。ボリビアキナノキC. calisaya Wedd.(C. ledgeriana Moens)はイギリスのキナ皮業者のレッジャーGeorge Ledgerが1865年にオランダ政府に売り込んだもので、高さは最高でも10メートルに達せず、葉は披針(ひしん)形、花は淡黄色、樹皮は淡黄褐色でこれをレッジャーバークLedger barkと称する。オフィキナリスC. officinalis L.は葉が小さく、卵形ないし披針形で葉柄は赤みを帯び、花は淡紅色。この樹皮をクラウンバークCrown barkという。ヒブリダはアカキナノキを台木とし、ボリビアキナノキを接いだ雑種で、キニーネ含量はもっとも多い。

 第二次世界大戦時、ジャワは世界年産の90%を産出していたが、戦後この地域に影響力をもつアメリカが栽培を試み、熱帯地域に広く栽培を始めた。しかし、合成マラリア治療薬が発達したために、一時キナノキ栽培は顧みられなくなったが、合成薬の多量使用による耐性が生じたことによって、最近ふたたびキナ皮の重要性が認識されるようになってきている。

[長沢元夫 2021年5月21日]

文化史

キナノキの属名Cinchonaは、17世紀にスペインのペルー総督であったチンチョーンChinchón伯爵(1589―1647)にちなむ。一説によれば、1638年、伯爵夫人がリマでマラリアにかかった際、侍医のD・J・ベガがキナの皮を服用させたところ全快したので、夫人が本国に持ち帰ったものが広がったという。なおキニーネは、1820年にフランスの化学者ペルチエPierre-Joseph Pelletier(1788―1842)と薬剤師カバントゥJoseph Bienaimé Caventou(1795―1877)が共同で、キナ皮から抽出するのに成功した。

[湯浅浩史 2021年5月21日]

[参照項目] | キニーネ | マラリア

出典 小学館 日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)について 情報 | 凡例

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