Ancient Greek philosopher. Born into a noble family in the Sicilian town of Akragas, he is said to have been a politician, thaumaturge, and physician. He wrote two hexagrammatic works called "Peri-Physeos" (On Nature) and "Katharmoi" (Purifications), but only fragments remain. The Peri-Physeos describes the origins (arche) of all things as earth, water, fire, and air, and explains that these four immortal elements ("roots") combine and separate through "love" and "hate," resulting in various states of the world.The poem explains that these states repeat in this order: a period when love completely rules (when a sphere of the four elements, Sphaeros, is created), a period when the rule of hate expands (when the world and living things are created), a period when hate completely rules (when four separate concentric spherical masses of the four elements are created), and a period when the rule of love expands (when the world and living things are created).It is a natural science poem that sings of the structure of the universe from a pluralistic standpoint. The Catalmoi are moral poems about how demons who committed sins are reborn as various creatures such as trees, fish, birds, animals, and humans, and then, after repeating the cycle of reincarnation for 30,000 seasons (horai), they return to being gods again. There are various stories about his death, but the most famous one is that he committed suicide by jumping into the crater of Mount Etna. [Mikiya Suzuki] As a scientist, he invented the water-absorbing device clepsydra and was the first to measure the weight of air, demonstrating its materiality. He also emphasized the importance of observation and experimentation, such as by advocating the theory of four elements, which has been maintained until modern times, and defending sensory experience, in opposition to Parmenides' logical monism. [Yoshihito Hijioka] "Empedocles" translated by Norio Fujisawa (included in "Greek Thinkers, World Literature Series 63"; 1965; Chikuma Shobo) [References] | | | |Source: Shogakukan Encyclopedia Nipponica About Encyclopedia Nipponica Information | Legend |
古代ギリシアの哲学者。シチリア島の町アクラガスの名門に生まれ、政治家や奇跡家や医師としての活躍も伝えられる。『ペリ・フュセオース』(自然について)、『カタルモイ』(浄(きよ)め)とよばれる六脚韻を踏む2著作があるが、残存するのは断片だけである。『ペリ・フュセオース』は、万物のもとのもの(アルケー)を地水火風とし、この不生不滅の四つの元素(「根」)が、「愛」と「憎」によって結合したり分離したりして、世界のいろいろな状態が現出するが、それらは、愛が完全に支配する時期(四元素の混じり合った球体、スファイロスがつくられる)、憎の支配が伸長する時期(世界と生物がつくられる)、憎が完全に支配する時期(四元素の別々に分かれた同心球的4集塊がつくられる)、愛の支配が伸長する時期(世界と生物がつくられる)といった四つの時期をこの順序で反復する、と説くものであって、多元論の立場から宇宙の構造を歌った自然学詩である。『カタルモイ』のほうは、罪を犯したダイモーン(神霊)が木や魚や鳥や獣や人といったさまざまな生物に生まれ変わり、3万季節(ホーライ)の間、輪廻(りんね)転生を繰り返したあげく、ふたたび神に戻ることを歌った教訓詩であって、オリンピアで吟唱されたという伝承もある。彼の死についてはいろいろ伝えられるが、エトナ山の噴火口へ投身自殺したという伝承がとりわけ有名である。 [鈴木幹也] 科学者としては、水吸器クレプシドラを考案し、空気の重さを初めて測ってその物質性を示したことがあげられる。またパルメニデスの論理的一元論に対し、近代まで維持された四元素説を唱えて感覚的経験を擁護するなど、観察・実験の重要性を強調した。 [肱岡義人] 『藤沢令夫訳「エンペドクレス」(『世界文学大系63 ギリシア思想家集』所収・1965・筑摩書房)』 [参照項目] | | | |出典 小学館 日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)について 情報 | 凡例 |
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