The term risk premium refers to the difference between the expected value of a variable return and its certainty equivalent (usually the former is larger). In terms of preference between two variable returns with different variances and variabilities and the same expected value, if the expected values are the same, those who prefer the one with the smaller variance and lower variability (the preference of a normal company) are called risk averters, whereas those who prefer the one with the larger variance and higher variability (the preference of a gambler) are called risk lovers. In relation to this type of action selection problem under uncertainty, which allows for probabilistic expression, expected utility theory, which was established by J. von Neumann and O. Morgenstern, proposes maximizing the expected value of the utility of revenue instead of maximizing the expected value of the revenue itself as the selection rule. *Here is a selection of explanations of terms that refer to "people who avoid danger." Source | Heibonsha World Encyclopedia 2nd Edition | Information |
…ある期待値をもった変動収益と効用の点でまったく無差別であるような確定収益を,その変動収益に対する確実性等価と呼び,変動収益の期待値とそれに対する確実性等価の差(通常は前者のほうが大きい)をリスク・プレミアムと呼ぶ。また,異なった分散―変動性をもち,同じ大きさの期待値をもつような二つの変動収益の間の選好に関連して,期待値が同じであれば,より分散の小さい,変動性の低いほうを選好する人(通常の企業の選好態度)を危険回避者(risk avertersの訳で〈危険を回避する人〉とも訳す)と呼び,それに対して,より分散の大きい,変動性の高いほうを選好する人(ばくち好きの人の選好態度)を危険愛好者(risk loversの訳で〈危険を好む人〉とも訳す)と呼ぶ。確率的表現を許す,この種の不確実性下の行動選択問題に関連して,選択ルールとして収益そのものの期待値の最大化をとる代りに,収益の効用の期待値の最大化を提唱するのが,J.フォン・ノイマン,O.モルゲンシュテルンによって基礎づけがなされた期待効用理論である。… ※「危険を回避する人」について言及している用語解説の一部を掲載しています。 出典|株式会社平凡社世界大百科事典 第2版について | 情報 |
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