It was one of the reform movements in the early Meiji period, and is related to the national language and characters reform. The reform movement was a movement to reform various Japanese systems to Western styles in order to rapidly bring Japan closer to modern Western Europe, and the basis of this movement was an attempt to rearrange language, with a focus on unifying spoken and written language. Specifically, the purpose was to enlighten the people, but in the end it functioned as a kind of spiritual revolution that encouraged a change in the way Japanese people thought up to that point. This language reform movement was initially preceded by arguments for the abolition of kanji, starting with Maejima Hisoka's Petition for the Abolition of Kanji (1866), and arguments for the romanization of the Japanese language and characters, such as those of Nishi Amane, Toyama Masakazu, Yatabe Ryokichi, and Taguchi Ukichi, and those for the hiragana alphabet, such as those of Shimizu Usaburo. Gradually, however, the emphasis of reform shifted to the idea of unifying spoken and written language. Genbun Itchi is an attempt to unify spoken language and written language, which had been separate up until that point, and specifically, it developed as a movement to express sentences in spoken language, or colloquial style. There are many theoretical arguments, but Mozume Takami's Genbun Itchi (1886) is a representative example. In practice, Miyake Yonekichi of "Kana no Kuwai" (founded in 1883), Taguchi Uokichi of "Romajikai" (founded in 1885), Chamberlain and others were outstanding in their activities, and coupled with the popularization of colloquial speech through enlightened books, magazines, translations, textbooks, small newspapers, and shorthand books, the idea of unifying spoken language and writing spread rapidly in various fields. The field of literature was the most advanced of these, and starting with the attempts at "Musashino" (1887) by Yamada Bimyo and "Ukigumo" (1887-89) and "Ahibiki" (1888) by Futabatei Shimei, a colloquial style had been established in various genres by the end of the Meiji period. However, in some fields, such as the government, judicial system, and military, many people retained the existing classical Chinese or literary style, and it took a long time for the style to become colloquial in almost all fields, and it was still until Japan's defeat in World War II. [Yamada Yusaku] Masahide Yamamoto, "Historical Study of the Emergence of Modern Style" (1965, Iwanami Shoten) ▽ Masahide Yamamoto, "A Historical Study of the Unification of Spoken and Writers" (1971, 1981, Ohfusha) ▽ Masahide Yamamoto, "Compilation of Historical Materials on the Formation of Modern Style: Emergence and Establishment" (1978, 1979, Ohfusha) Source: Shogakukan Encyclopedia Nipponica About Encyclopedia Nipponica Information | Legend |
明治初期の改良運動の一つで、国語・国字改良と類縁をなしている。改良運動とは、日本を急速に西欧近代に接近させるため、日本のさまざまな分野の制度を西欧風に改良していこうとする運動だが、その根幹となったのが言文一致を中心とすることばの組み替えの試みであった。具体的には国民の啓蒙(けいもう)を目的としていたが、結果的には日本人のそれまでの思考の変革を促す一種の精神革命として機能していった。 このことばの改良運動は、最初は前島密(ひそか)の「漢字御廃止之議」建白(1866)に始まる漢字廃止論や、西周(あまね)、外山正一(とやままさかず)、矢田部良吉(やたべりょうきち)、田口卯吉(うきち)らのローマ字論あるいは清水卯三郎(うさぶろう)らの平仮名論などの国語・国字改良論が先行していたが、しだいに言文一致論へと改良の比重が移行していった。言文一致とは、それまで分離していた言(話しことば)と文(書きことば)とを一致させようとする試みだが、具体的には話しことばすなわち口語体で文章を表していこうとする運動として展開していった。理論面では数多くの論があるが、物集高見(もずめたかみ)の『言文一致』(1886)などはその代表的なものであろう。実践面では「かなのくわい」(1883結成)の三宅米吉(みやけよねきち)、「羅馬字(ローマじ)会」(1885結成)の田口卯吉やチェンバレンらの活動が目覚ましく、また啓蒙書、啓蒙雑誌、翻訳書、教科書、小(こ)新聞、速記本などが談話体を普及させたことも相まって、言文一致はさまざまな分野で急速に拡大していった。このなかでももっとも先行したのが文学の分野であり、山田美妙(びみょう)の『武蔵野(むさしの)』(1887)や二葉亭四迷(ふたばていしめい)の『浮雲』(1887~89)、『あひびき』(1888)の試みを出発点として、明治末年にはさまざまなジャンルでほぼ口語文体が確立していった。ただ官界や司法界あるいは軍部など、分野によっては既成の漢文体や文語文体を保持するところも多く、ほぼ全分野で文体の口語化が完了するまでには長い時間を経なければならず、やはり第二次世界大戦での敗戦をまたなければならなかった。 [山田有策] 『山本正秀著『近代文体発生の史的研究』(1965・岩波書店)』▽『山本正秀著『言文一致の歴史論考』正続(1971、81・桜楓社)』▽『山本正秀著『近代文体形成史料集成 発生篇・成立篇』(1978、79・桜楓社)』 出典 小学館 日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)について 情報 | 凡例 |
A theory that sees human nature as good. It is a ...
A perennial plant of the Ranunculaceae family. It ...
...A town in Shimoina County, southern Nagano Pre...
Year of birth: Year of birth and death unknown. A ...
Also called Kiimi Pass. A pass on the border betwe...
International Gas Union. Members include gas assoc...
A city located in the northwest of Nara Prefecture...
A shrine that received special reverence from the...
The language is spoken in the Amur River estuary a...
...Hermes Trismegistus, known as the founder of a...
A type of occupation that provides assistance to i...
...In an election, the ballot counting officer op...
An Arabic word meaning "one who executes comm...
A nationwide women's organization in China. Fo...
...This life cycle pattern of homotypic alternati...