Cartwright, A.

Japanese: カートライト,A. - かーとらいと
Cartwright, A.

…Also, some games that are said to have originated in America, such as One Old Cat, contain elements of baseball, and it is now generally accepted that these games using balls, bats, and bases were eventually consolidated to form baseball in the first half of the 19th century. At first, the number of players was varied and the rules were simple, but after A. Doubleday in 1839, Alexander Cartwright organized the first baseball team in New York, the Knickerbocker Baseball Association, in 1845, and at the same time established the 15-rule Knickerbocker Rules. The main rules were: (1) 42 steps (square fields) between home base and second base, and between first and third base, (2) the game is decided by scoring 21 runs, (3) the pitcher throws from below, (4) the offense and defense change when three players are out, (5) all calls are made by the umpire, and appeals are not allowed. These rules marked the first step towards modern-day baseball. …

*Some of the terminology that mentions "Cartwright, A." is listed below.

Source | Heibonsha World Encyclopedia 2nd Edition | Information

Japanese:

…また,アメリカで生まれたといわれる遊びの中にも,ワナキャットone old catなど,野球の要素を含んだものがあり,結局,これらのボールとバットとベースを用いるゲームが集約され,19世紀前半にベースボールが成立したというのが現在の定説になっている。 初めは人数もまちまちでルールも単純だったが,1839年のA.ダブルデーを経て,45年カートライトAlexander Cartwrightにより,ニューヨークに最初の野球チーム〈ニッカーボッカー野球協会〉が編成され,同時に15条からなる〈ニッカーボッカー規則〉が定められた。その規則のおもなものは,(1)塁間は本塁から二塁,一塁から三塁までがそれぞれ42歩(正方形のフィールド),(2)21点を記録して勝負が決まる,(3)投手は下から投げる,(4)3人アウトで攻守交代,(5)判定はすべて審判が行い,アピールは許されないなどで,この規則によって今日の野球への第一歩がふみ出された。…

※「カートライト,A.」について言及している用語解説の一部を掲載しています。

出典|株式会社平凡社世界大百科事典 第2版について | 情報

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