A clock is composed of a regulator, escapement, transmission device, power unit, and display device, and all of these parts are mechanical. Mechanical clocks already existed in the early 14th century, but the invention of the pendulum clock and the balance clock with a hairspring by the Dutchman Huygens in the 17th century paved the way for modern clocks. Mechanical clocks have undergone continuous development, such as the pursuit of precision seen in the production of marine chronometers (standard timepieces for navigation), the invention of complex devices, the miniaturization of pocket watches into wristwatches, and the addition of environmental resistance functions (waterproofing, shock resistance, etc.), and were considered to be products with little room for improvement. However, with the emergence of electronic clocks in the second half of the 20th century, and especially quartz clocks since 1970, which are superior in terms of precision, cost, and multi-function, the share (occupancy rate) of mechanical clocks in the world market has been declining every year, and in 1981, both watches and clocks fell below 50%, and in 2010, watches are estimated to account for only 2% (and clocks are also estimated to account for only a small fraction). In the future, consumption will likely be limited to ultra-luxury craft items or in areas without battery rechargeability. [Kuniyuki Motomochi] [References] | | |©Takashi Aoki The principle of Huygens' pendulum clock ©Takashi Aoki Basic structure of a mechanical watch Source: Shogakukan Encyclopedia Nipponica About Encyclopedia Nipponica Information | Legend |
時計は調速機、脱進機、伝達装置、動力装置、表示装置から構成されているが、これらの部分すべてが機械的であるものをいう。機械時計はすでに14世紀初めに存在してはいたが、17世紀にオランダのホイヘンスによる、振り子時計とひげぜんまいをもつてんぷ時計の発明によって近代時計への道が開かれたといえる。マリンクロノメーターmarine chronometer(航海用標準時計)の製作にみられる精度の追求、複雑装置の考案、懐中時計から腕時計への小型化、耐環境機能(防水、耐衝撃など)の付加と、機械時計は絶え間ない発展を遂げ、改良の余地の少ない製品とみられていた。しかし20世紀後半の電子時計、とくに1970年以降、精度、コスト、多機能化などに優れる水晶時計の出現によって、世界市場における機械時計のシェア(占拠率)は毎年低下し、1981年にはウォッチ、クロックともに50%を割り、2010年にはウォッチはわずか2%(クロックもほんのわずか)と推定されている。今後は超高級工芸品として、または電池補給のつかない地域などでの消費に限定されよう。 [元持邦之] [参照項目] | | |©青木 隆"> ホイヘンスの振り子時計の原理 ©青木 隆"> 機械式腕時計の基本構造 出典 小学館 日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)について 情報 | 凡例 |
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