A perennial plant of the Caryophyllaceae family (APG classification: Caryophyllaceae). It is also called Dutch burdock or musk caryophyllus. Native to southern Europe and western Asia. It grows upright, 20-90 cm tall, and branches out well. The leaves are opposite, linear, and gray-green. It produces one or several flowers. The original flower color is bright red, but the current flower color is richer, including pinpointed and over-colored. The original flower has five petals, but many have dozens, and the tips of the petals are often notched. Single flowers have ten stamens, and double flowers have several, although they are incomplete. The style of the pistil is bipartite. The size of the flower varies depending on the species, from 2-3 cm to over 10 cm in diameter. The calyx is cylindrical with five lobes at the tip, and several diamond-shaped parsley leaves at the base. It is cultivated in greenhouses and outdoors for use as cut flowers, and is also used in flower beds. Recently, dwarf varieties have been developed and are also grown in pots. Modern carnations are not an improved variety of Caryophyllus, but are believed to be a lineage created by crossing with Dianthus sinensis and other Dianthus species. Broadly speaking, there are two types: those that bloom annually and those that bloom all year round, which are grown from seed, and those that bloom annually and those that bloom vegetatively (mainly by cuttings). The annual species grown from seed include the border, which has varieties such as Grenadine and Early Dwarf Binns. They grow several dozen flower stalks and produce many flowers in May and June. The annual species include Chabot, Enfant-Nice, and Margaret, and excellent varieties have been developed, such as the dwarf species Pygmy Dwarf, and the F1 (first generation hybrid) Piccadilly and Knight. Most of the species propagated vegetatively are perpetual species that bloom all year round, and were cultivated for their medium- to large-flowered single cut flowers. In recent years, however, small-flowered, multi-flowered spray species have come to be cultivated in order to save the labor of pinching offside buds, and the cultivation of the angel species, which was developed in Japan, in particular, has increased rapidly. Coral and Peter, which were often cultivated as representative varieties for producing medium-sized single cut flowers, have become extremely rare in recent years and are being replaced by larger-flowered varieties. [Uoman Eiichi January 21, 2021] CultivationSeedlings for seasonal flowering species should be sown in May or June, while perennial flowering species should be sown from late August to mid-September. After protecting the plants from frost in winter, they should be planted in early spring. The latest potted varieties can also be sown earlier, in June or July, and grown in greenhouses, making them available from early spring. For vegetative propagation, cuttings should be taken in June for seasonal flowering species, and in August or September for perennial flowering species, and both will bloom the following spring. For greenhouse cultivation, cuttings are usually taken in February or April, and planted in June or July. In recent years, seedlings cultured from meristems have come to be used for vegetative propagation of carnations as a measure against viral diseases, and viral diseases, which are the fate of perennial plants, have become less common. [Uoman Eiichi January 21, 2021] Cultural historyThe original species has been cultivated since the ancient Greek and Roman eras, and was used not only for decoration but also to add flavor to wine. According to one theory, it was brought to England by Caesar's soldiers in 55 BC, and was improved in the 17th century. In 1629, the English pharmacist Parkinson illustrated 51 varieties, and England was the center of carnation cultivation and improvement until the United States took over in the 20th century. Carnations were introduced to Japan from the Netherlands during the Shoho era (1644-1648) and were called Dutch Sekichiku. The name carnation became established after the Taisho era, when mass production began with the spread of glass greenhouses. The custom of decorating with carnations on Mother's Day spread when a girl named Anna Jarvis in Philadelphia, USA, distributed carnations at a church on the anniversary of her mother's death in 1907, and the US government designated the second Sunday in May as Mother's Day in 1914. It is the national flower of Spain, Monaco and Honduras. [Hiroshi Yuasa January 21, 2021] The original species had bright red flowers with five petals, but modern varieties come in a wide variety of colors and most have double petals. They are popular as Mother's Day gifts. ©Seishohmaru "> Carnation Source: Shogakukan Encyclopedia Nipponica About Encyclopedia Nipponica Information | Legend |
ナデシコ科(APG分類:ナデシコ科)の多年草。オランダセキチクまたはジャコウナデシコともいう。南ヨーロッパ、西アジア原産。高さは20~90センチメートルで直立し、よく枝を出す。葉は対生し、線状で灰緑色。1ないし数個の花をつける。原種の花色は鮮赤色であるが、現在は花色が豊富となり、絞りや覆色(ふくしょく)などもある。花弁は元来5枚であるが、数十枚のものが多く、弁先は切れ込みが多い。雄しべは一重咲きでは10本、八重咲きは不完全ながら数本つく。雌しべの花柱は2裂する。花の大きさは種類により大小があり、花径2、3センチメートルから10センチメートル以上のものまである。萼(がく)は円筒形で先端は5裂し、基部に菱形(ひしがた)の小包葉が数枚つく。温室や露地で切り花用に栽培され、また花壇にも利用される。最近は矮性(わいせい)種がつくられ、鉢植えにもされる。現在のカーネーションはカリオフィルスの改良種ではなく、ダイアンサス・シネンシスその他ダイアンサス各種との交雑によってつくられた系統とされている。 種類を大別すると、実生(みしょう)の一季咲きと四季咲き、栄養繁殖(主として挿し芽)の一季咲きと四季咲きとに分けられる。実生の一季咲き種にはボーダーがあり、品種にグレナダン、アーリードワーフビンナなどがある。5~6月に数十本の花茎を伸ばし、多くの花をつける。四季咲き種にはシャボー、アンファンドニース、マーガレットなどあり、矮性種のピグミードワーフ、F1(雑種第一代)のピカデリーやナイトなど、優秀な品種が作出されている。栄養繁殖するのはほとんど四季咲きのパーペチュアル系で、中・大輪の一輪切り花用として栽培されていたが、近年、脇芽(わきめ)摘みの労力を省力化するため、小輪多花性のスプレー系がよく栽培されるようになり、とくに日本で作出されたエンゼル系の栽培は急増している。中輪の一輪切り花用の代表品種としてよく栽培されたコーラル、ピーターなどは、近年極端に少なくなり、大輪系の栽培に変わっている。 [魚躬詔一 2021年1月21日] 栽培実生の一季咲き種は5~6月に、四季咲き種は8月下旬~9月中旬に播種(はしゅ)し、冬は霜除(よ)けをし、早春に定植するとよい。また鉢植えの最新品種は6~7月と播種を早め、温室で育て、早春から出回るようになった。栄養繁殖は、一季咲きは6月、四季咲きは8~9月に挿芽をするといずれも翌春に開花する。温室栽培では普通2~4月挿芽、6~7月定植とする。近年、栄養繁殖系のカーネーションでは、ウイルス病対策として成長点培養(メリクロン)の苗が用いられるようになり、多年草の宿命ともいえるウイルス病は少なくなった。 [魚躬詔一 2021年1月21日] 文化史原種の栽培は古代ギリシア・ローマ時代からで、観賞以外にワインの香りづけにも使われた。イギリスには、一説によると紀元前55年にカエサルの兵が持ち込んだと伝えられ、17世紀に改良が進んだ。イギリスの薬剤師パーキンソンは1629年、『地上の楽園』で51の品種をあげて図示し、以降20世紀にアメリカにとってかわられるまで、イギリスはカーネーションの栽培と改良の中心地であった。日本にはオランダから正保(しょうほう)年間(1644~1648)に渡来し、オランダセキチクとよばれた。カーネーションの名は、大正期以降、ガラス温室の普及で大量生産が始まるとともに定着した。また母の日にカーネーションを飾る習慣は、1907年にアメリカ、フィラデルフィアのアンナ・ジャービスという娘が、母の命日にカーネーションの花を教会で配ったことと、1914年アメリカ政府が5月の第2日曜日を母の日に制定したことが結び付き、広がっていった。スペイン、モナコ、ホンジュラスの国花である。 [湯浅浩史 2021年1月21日] 原種は鮮赤色の5弁花だが、現在のものは花色が豊富で、ほとんどが重弁花である。母の日のプレゼント花として愛好される©Seishohmaru"> カーネーション 出典 小学館 日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)について 情報 | 凡例 |
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