Pressure

Japanese: 圧力 - あつりょく
Pressure

Pressure is the force (stress) that acts perpendicularly to the surface of an object, or to any plane considered inside an object. Pressure is expressed as force per unit area. If you consider any plane inside a stationary fluid (liquid or gas), no shear stress acts on it, only pressure acts. Furthermore, the magnitude of this stress is the same regardless of the direction of the plane. This is called hydrostatic pressure.

The unit of pressure is Newton per square meter (N/m 2 ), or sometimes Pascal (Pa).

1 Pa = 1 N/ m2
The atmospheric pressure on the Earth's surface varies depending on the location and time, but a standard value of 1 atmosphere is defined as 1 atm.

1atm=101325Pa
One atmosphere is equal to the pressure of a mercury column 760 mm high, so 1/760 of an atmosphere is written as 1 mmHg, or called 1 torr. Also, 10 5 Pa is called 1 bar. 10 -3 bar is 1 millibar (1 hectopascal), so 1 atmosphere is 1013.25 millibars (hectopascals).

Atmospheric pressure decreases with increasing height above ground. Also, in the ocean, pressure increases with depth due to the weight of water. It increases by approximately 1 atmosphere for every 10 meters of depth. The pressure inside the Earth is extremely high. It is possible to create low and high pressures on Earth as well. A vacuum is a state in which the pressure inside a container is lower than the surrounding air. Even though it is called a vacuum, the pressure is not zero. Various gas cylinders are high pressure. In addition to high pressure caused by gases, high pressure can also be created by compressing liquids and solids. High pressure and vacuum are widely used in various industries.

[Yasushi Wada and Toshio Nishi]

"Measurement Technology Series 3: Pressure Measurement" edited by the Metrology Management Association (1987, Corona Publishing)""Experimental Chemistry Lectures 4: Heat and Pressure" 4th Edition edited by the Chemical Society of Japan (1992, Maruzen)"

[Reference] | Stress | Shear stress

Source: Shogakukan Encyclopedia Nipponica About Encyclopedia Nipponica Information | Legend

Japanese:

物体の表面、あるいは物体内部に考えた任意の面に垂直に加わる力(応力)を圧力という。圧力は単位面積当りの力で表す。静止している流体(液体や気体)の内部に任意の面を考えると、これにずり応力は働かず、圧力のみが働く。また、その大きさは面の向きによらず等しい。これを静水圧という。

 圧力の単位としては平方メートル当りニュートン(N/m2)を用いる。また、パスカル(Pa)という単位を使うこともある。

  1Pa=1N/m2
である。地球表面上の大気の圧力(大気圧)は場所、時間によって変わるが、その標準の値として1気圧を定め、1atmと表す。

  1atm=101325Pa
である。1気圧は高さ760ミリメートルの水銀柱による圧力に等しいので1気圧の760分の1を1mmHgと書き、あるいは1トルtorrとよんでいる。また105Paを1バールbarという。10-3バールは1ミリバール(1ヘクトパスカル)であるから、1気圧は1013.25ミリバール(ヘクトパスカル)である。

 大気の圧力は地上の高さが増すとともに低くなる。また海洋中では水の重さのために、深くなるほど圧力は増す。深さ10メートル当りほぼ1気圧ずつ増加する。地球内部の圧力は非常に高い。地球上でも低圧、高圧をつくりだすことができる。容器の内部の圧力を周りより低くした状態を真空という。真空といっても、圧力がゼロになるのではない。いろいろなガスボンベの中は高圧になっている。気体による高圧のほか、液体や固体を圧縮することでも高圧をつくることができる。高圧、真空はいろいろな工業に広く利用されている。

[和田八三久・西 敏夫]

『計量管理協会編『計測技術シリーズ3 圧力の計測』(1987・コロナ社)』『日本化学会編『実験化学講座4 熱・圧力』第4版(1992・丸善)』

[参照項目] | 応力 | ずり応力

出典 小学館 日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)について 情報 | 凡例

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