Substitute payment - Daibutsu Bensai

Japanese: 代物弁済 - だいぶつべんさい

A contract between an obligee and a performer that extinguishes a claim by providing another performance in place of the performance originally borne by the obligor (Civil Code, Article 482). For example, the granting of ownership of a specific house in exchange for the payment of 1 million yen.

[Takahisa Awaji]

Reservation of substitute performance

Substitute performance is often in the form of a reservation between the parties of a consumer loan. For example, a consumer loan of 10 million yen is made, and the parties promise to give ownership of a specific house if the loan is not repaid by the due date. In this case, if the loan is not repaid by the due date, the ownership of the subject matter will naturally be transferred to the creditor, which is a substitute performance contract with a precedent condition, and a reservation of substitute performance in the narrow sense is one that requires the creditor to exercise his or her right of reservation completion.

The reservation of substitute performance plays an important role in the trading world as one of the systems of real security through the method of preserving rights known as provisional registration. However, in the past, it was often attached to unreasonably expensive items, taking advantage of the debtor's ignorance and hardship. Therefore, precedent cases have led to reasonable solutions such as imposing a liquidation obligation (returning any amount exceeding the repayment) from the perspective of security, but after the enactment of the "Law on Provisional Registration Security Contracts" (Law No. 78 of 1978), it came to be resolved by that law along with other provisional registration security contracts.

[Takahisa Awaji]

[Reference item] | Provisional registration collateral

Source: Shogakukan Encyclopedia Nipponica About Encyclopedia Nipponica Information | Legend

Japanese:

債務者が負担した本来の給付にかえて、他の給付をなすことによって債権を消滅させる債権者と弁済者との間の契約（民法482条）。たとえば、100万円を弁済するかわりに特定の家屋の所有権を与えるなど。

［淡路剛久］

代物弁済の予約

代物弁済は、消費貸借の当事者間でしばしば予約の形式で行われる。たとえば1000万円の消費貸借をなし、弁済期までに弁済しないときには特定の家屋の所有権を与えることを約するなど。この場合、弁済期までに弁済しないと、目的物の所有権が当然債権者に移転する、というのが停止条件付代物弁済契約であり、債権者の予約完結権の行使を要するものが狭義の代物弁済の予約である。

　代物弁済の予約は、仮登記という権利保全の方法を通じて、物的担保制度の一つとして、取引界において重要な機能を営んでいる。しかし、従来は、債務者の無知、窮迫に乗じて、しばしば不相当に高額な物につけられることがあった。そこで、判例は、これを担保という視点から清算の義務（弁済を超える部分は返還させる）を負わせるなど合理的な解決を導いてきたが、「仮登記担保契約に関する法律」（昭和53年法律78号）の制定後は、他の仮登記担保契約とともに、同法によって解決されることになった。

［淡路剛久］

[参照項目] | 仮登記担保

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