Civil service system

Japanese: 官吏制度 - かんりせいど
Civil service system
The Meiji government's official appointment system began with the promulgation of the Table of Official Ranks, Supplementary Table to the Personnel Order, on July 8, 1869 (Meiji 2), and on the 27th of the same month, the classification of official appointments was established as Imperial Commissioner, Soninkan, and Jinninkan. With the establishment of the Cabinet system on December 23, 1885, the Prime Minister Ito Hirobumi presented the "Five Chapters of Official Regulations," which included a description of official appointment. This led to the promulgation of the Civil Service Examination Probationary and Probationary Rules on July 20, 1887, which legalized and unified the official appointment system of the new government. Article 19 of the Meiji Constitution, promulgated in 1889, guaranteed the right of ordinary citizens to be appointed to civil and military positions, but the Civil Service Appointment Order and Civil Service Examination Rules, promulgated on October 31, 1893, clarified that official appointments would be based on individual talent, regardless of family lineage or clique. The general service rules for civil servants were established by the Administrative Civil Servant Service Code, enacted on July 27, 1982, and the revised Civil Servant Service Code, enacted on July 29, 1987. As for disciplinary measures, the Civil Servant Disciplinary Order, enacted on April 14, 1976, stipulated three types of disciplinary measures: reprimand, penalty pay, and dismissal, and in 1999, the revised Civil Servant Disciplinary Order was promulgated.

Source: Encyclopaedia Britannica Concise Encyclopedia About Encyclopaedia Britannica Concise Encyclopedia Information

Japanese:
明治政府の官吏任用制度は明治2 (1869) 年7月8日の職員令附録官位相当表の公布に端を発し,同月 27日には勅任官,奏任官,判任官の別が定められた。 1885年 12月 23日内閣制度創始とともに,内閣総理大臣伊藤博文によって示された「官紀五章」に官吏登用の記述があり,それをきっかけとして,87年7月 20日文官試験試補及見習規則が公布されるに及んで,新政府の官吏任用は法制化され一本化された。 89年発布された明治憲法は,第 19条で,一般国民を文武官に任用することを臣民の権利として保障したが,93年 10月 31日公布の文官任用令,文官試験規則は,官吏の任用が門地門閥に左右されることなく,個人の才能によって行われることを明確化した。官吏の一般服務規律は,82年7月 27日制定の行政官吏服務紀律および,それを改正した 87年7月 29日の官吏服務紀律によって規定された。また,懲戒については,76年4月 14日設けられた官吏懲戒令に,譴責,罰俸,免職の3種の懲戒が定められ,99年それを改めた文官懲戒令が公布された。

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