A peasant who is patient

...The foundation of the Ritsuryo system was the maintenance of the citizenship system based on the classification of households, and the distinction between good and bad, and between Chinese and barbarians. However, as ordinary citizens became vagrants and ran away, slaves were freed, and the Emishi were conquered and resisted, the Ritsuryo system gradually changed and disintegrated. In particular, in public fields and early manors where land distribution was no longer carried out, farmers were designated "without regard to natives or ronin," and they were called kanbyakusho, fumiyo, tato, sakunin, etc., and the new citizens and manors who were born in this way became peasants under the control of the imperial aristocracy. They divided public land and manorial land into large and small "miyo" (fields) and managed them, and were responsible for paying the official taxes and land taxes levied on the myoden. However, unlike citizens under the ritsuryo system, they were not subject to personal control, and were allowed freedom of movement and residence, could own private property such as peasant farmland, and could sue or appeal against infringement of their rights or illegal government.

*Some of the terminology explanations that refer to "Kanhyakusho" are listed below.

Source | Heibonsha World Encyclopedia 2nd Edition | Information

…このように編戸にもとづく公民制，良賤･華夷の差別を維持することが，律令制支配の根幹であったが，一般公民の浮浪･逃亡，奴婢の解放，蝦夷の征服と抵抗が進行するにともなって，律令制はしだいに変質･解体していく。とくに班田収授が行われなくなった公田や初期荘園において，〈土人･浪人を論ぜず〉に農人を定め，彼らを堪百姓，負名（ふみよう），田堵（たと），作人（さくにん）などと呼び，こうして生まれた新たな公民，荘民らが，王朝貴族支配下の百姓となった。彼らは公田，荘田を大小の〈名（みよう）〉に分割して経営し，名田に課せられる官物（かんもつ），地子（じし）の納入責任を負うが，令制下の公民のような人身支配をうけず，移動･居住の自由をみとめられ，百姓治田など私財を所有し，権利侵害や非法苛政に対して訴訟や上訴を行うことができた。…

※「堪百姓」について言及している用語解説の一部を掲載しています。

出典｜株式会社平凡社世界大百科事典 第２版について | 情報