Electromagnet - Electric magnet

Japanese: 電磁石 - でんじしゃく
Electromagnet - Electric magnet

A magnet that is magnetized by electric current, and is used in contrast to the term permanent magnet. Electric current creates a concentric magnetic field around the conductor through which it flows. The easiest way to generate a magnetic field based on this principle is a solenoid (a coil made of a conductor wound many times cylindrically). In this case, if the length is L, the radius is r, the number of turns per unit length is n, and the current is i, then at the midpoint of the solenoid,

It can generate a magnetic field of 1000 Oersted. However, the maximum magnetic field of this magnet is only 0.5 Tesla or less, even if the coil is cooled well. Electromagnets that can generate a high magnetic field have a coil wound around iron, creating an air gap in the closed magnetic circuit, and using the fact that the magnetic flux density is continuous to generate a magnetic field in the air gap. Based on their characteristics and structure, this type of electromagnet is classified into the Weiss type, which uses iron below the saturation value of its magnetic induction (up to 2 Tesla), and the Bitter type, which uses a structure that creates a magnetic field higher than expected from the saturation value. The Weiss type often uses an Fe-Co alloy, which has the highest magnetic flux density of the magnetic circuit. The Bitter type increases the magnetic field by using magnetic charges on the conical side of the magnetic pole and magnetic charges generated inside, and can generate a magnetic field of 4 to 5 Tesla.

In addition, by creating a solenoid coil with superconducting wire, it is possible to generate a high magnetic field at liquid helium temperatures. This is called a superconducting magnet, which can also be considered a type of electromagnet.

[Hiroshi Yasuoka]

[Reference item] | Magnet

Source: Shogakukan Encyclopedia Nipponica About Encyclopedia Nipponica Information | Legend

Japanese:

電流によって磁化する磁石のことで、永久磁石ということばに対して使われる。電流はそれの流れる導線の周囲に同心円状の磁場をつくる。この原理に基づいて、もっとも簡単に磁場を発生できるのが、ソレノイド(導線を多数回円筒状に巻いたコイル)である。この場合、長さをL、半径をr、単位長当りの巻数をn、電流をiとすると、ソレノイドの中点では軸方向に

エルステッドの磁場をつくることができる。しかしこの磁石での最高磁場はコイルの冷却をよくしても、たかだか0.5テスラ以下である。高い磁場を得るための電磁石は、鉄にコイルを巻いた、一つの閉じた磁気回路に空隙(くうげき)をつくり、磁束密度が連続であることを利用してその空隙に磁場を発生させるものである。このタイプの電磁石は、その特性および構造上から、鉄をその磁気誘導の飽和値以下(~2テスラ)で使用するワイス型と、構造にくふうを加え、飽和値から期待される以上の磁場をつくるビッター型とに分類される。ワイス型では磁気回路のもっとも磁束密度の大きいFe‐Co合金を用いることが多い。またビッター型では、磁極の円錐(えんすい)側面上にできる磁荷および内部に生ずる磁荷によって磁場をあげており、4~5テスラの磁場を発生させることができる。

 また超伝導線でソレノイドコイルをつくることにより、液体ヘリウム温度で高磁場を発生することができる。これは超伝導磁石とよばれているが、これも電磁石の一種と考えることができる。

[安岡弘志]

[参照項目] | 磁石

出典 小学館 日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)について 情報 | 凡例

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