A phenomenon in which a human or animal body comes into contact with an electrically charged part and an electric current flows through the body. The voltage directly applied to the body is called the contact voltage, and the amount of current varies depending on the level of this voltage, which also affects the body's reaction. The contact voltage, along with the voltage of the charged part, can have a significant effect on the electric shock (shock received from an electric shock) depending on the electrical environment in which the body is placed. For example, when the electrical resistance of the skin surface is high in a dry state or when wearing highly insulating footwear between the body and the ground, the contact voltage applied to the body is low and the electric shock is small, but when standing barefoot on damp ground or touching a charged part with wet hands, the contact voltage becomes close to the charging voltage and the electric shock becomes more intense. The injuries caused by electric shock vary from person to person, but 10 milliamperes causes pain, 20 milliamperes causes violent muscle contraction, and over 50 milliamperes can cause burns and even death by electrocution. The parts of the body through which the current passes vary depending on whether the part of the body is in contact with the live part or the part that is earthed to the ground, resulting in different degrees of injury. When the current passes through the heart, it is particularly dangerous, with an extremely high mortality rate. In electrical facilities, care is taken to prevent living bodies from touching live parts as much as possible. Electrical regulations also place emphasis on preventing accidents due to electric shock, and there are restrictions on the voltage that can be used depending on the location. [Koshino Kazuji] [Reference] |Source: Shogakukan Encyclopedia Nipponica About Encyclopedia Nipponica Information | Legend |
電気充電部に人間または動物の生体が接触し、生体内に電流が流れる現象。直接生体に加わる電圧を接触電圧といい、この電圧の高低により電流量に差が生じ、生体への反応も変化する。接触電圧は、充電部の電圧の高さとともに、生体が置かれた電気的環境により、電撃(感電によって受ける衝撃)となって大きく影響する。たとえば、乾燥した状態で皮膚面の電気抵抗が高くなっているときや、大地との間に絶縁性の大きな履き物をつけた場合などでは、生体に加わる接触電圧は低くなって電撃は小さいが、はだしで湿気のある大地に立ったり、ぬれた手で充電部に触れたときは、充電電圧に近い接触電圧となり、電撃も激しくなる。 電撃による傷害には個人差があるが、10ミリアンペアで痛みを感じ、20ミリアンペアでは筋肉が激しく収縮し、50ミリアンペアを超えるとやけどを生じて感電死することもある。生体が充電部に接触した部分と大地にアースした部分により、電流が体内を通過する部位が異なり、傷害の程度に差が生ずる。とくに心臓に電流が通過したときは、死亡率がきわめて高く危険である。 電気施設では、できるだけ生体が充電部に触れないような注意が払われている。電気関係法規でも、感電による災害防止に重点が置かれ、それぞれ場所によって使用電圧にも制限が設けられている。 [越野一二] [参照項目] |出典 小学館 日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)について 情報 | 凡例 |
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