Reclamation - Kantaku (English spelling)

Japanese: 干拓 - かんたく(英語表記)reclamation
Reclamation - Kantaku (English spelling)

The process of surrounding a shallow sea or lake surface with a dike and using pumps and the tidal difference to remove the water from within, creating land. Unlike reclaimed land, the elevation of the reclaimed land is below the water level outside the dike. Structurally, reclamation can be classified as multiple or simple. Multiple reclamation is a method in which a double dike is used, with the space between the two dikes used as a freshwater reservoir for farming, living, etc., as typified by the reclamation of Lake Hachirogata and Kojima Bay. Simple reclamation uses a single dike and does not have a reservoir inside, as seen in many reclamations in the Seto Inland Sea and Ariake Sea.

[Masumoto Arata and Yamaji Eiji]

Construction method

They are broadly divided into self-supporting embankments and gentle slope embankments. The self-supporting embankment is constructed by building a retaining wall of stone or concrete in front of the embankment, and piling up mountain soil or sand behind it, making it suitable for cases where the foundation has strong bearing capacity. This type was the norm until the mid-20th century. However, with the development of geotechnical engineering and the advancement of soft ground treatment methods, the gentle slope embankment has become mainstream. This method involves replacing the surface of soft ground that has almost no bearing capacity with sand, placing rubble large enough to withstand wave forces at the front and rear ends of the embankment, blowing in large sand between them, shaping the area, and protecting the surface with asphalt or other materials, so that the embankment is, so to speak, floating between the soft ground and the water. The development of the gentle slope method has made it possible to reclaim land in areas where construction was previously not possible, greatly expanding the area suitable for reclamation.

[Masumoto Arata and Yamaji Eiji]

Natural conditions and reclamation

Areas with low water depth, large tidal ranges, and where large areas can be enclosed by short levees are suitable for reclamation; typical examples include the Ariake Sea and the Seto Inland Sea. In such suitable areas, after reclamation, ocean currents may continually carry fine soil and sand, depositing it at the front of the reclamation. In such cases, if the reclaimed land is not constantly advanced, there is a risk that the drainage conditions in the hinterland will deteriorate and land use efficiency will decrease, so the reclaimed land advances. This is desirable in the process of expanding the area of ​​farmland, and an example of this expansion process is shown in the figure .

[Masumoto Arata and Yamaji Eiji]

History and distribution

The oldest record of land reclamation in Japan is found in the Shoku Nihon Koki, which contains a song that is thought to be about land reclamation carried out in 849 (Kasho 2), and there is a description of a fairly full-scale land reclamation project in Kumamoto Prefecture in 1279 (Kōan 2). During the Edo period, advanced civil engineering techniques not far removed from modern standards were used, and land reclamation was actively carried out mainly around the Ariake Sea.

The food shortage after World War II led to the development of land reclamation from both an administrative and technical perspective, and land reclamation projects were carried out in many areas as national enterprises under the jurisdiction of the Ministry of Agriculture, Forestry and Fisheries.

The Hachirogata reclamation project, which began in 1957 (Showa 32), is famous as Japan's largest reclaimed land and as a place for large-scale mechanized agriculture. Previously, it was a brackish lake, second only to Lake Biwa in size, but it was closed off with a dike to turn it into a freshwater lake, and the Central Reclaimed Land and the Surrounding Reclaimed Lands were developed. In the Central Reclaimed Land, 15,000 hectares of land were reclaimed, and 600 new farming households settled there, conducting large-scale mechanized farming on 15 hectares each.

The Netherlands is the most famous overseas. Located in the delta region at the mouth of the Rhine, the Netherlands has been promoting small-scale sea reclamation by building embankments since around the 10th century. In the 16th century, windmills began to be used to drain water, and from the end of the 18th century, large-scale reclamation projects were carried out using steam engine pumps. Large-scale reclamation was also carried out along the coast of the Frisian Islands, which runs from the northern coast of the Netherlands through the German state of Schleswig-Holstein to Denmark. Storm's novel "The White Horse" depicts the life of a dike inspector who protected the reclaimed land near the port city of Husum, which faces the North Sea in Germany. In 1927, the reclamation project of the Zuiderzee, covering 220,000 hectares, was started, and after the construction of a 30-kilometer-long barrier dike between the North Sea and the Zuiderzee, the old Zuiderzee became freshwater Lake IJsselmeer, and many reclaimed lands were created inside it. This is a typical example of the compound reclamation mentioned above. Records of reclamation also remain as far back as mid-Roman Italy.

In Southeast Asian countries, there are vast areas of coastal wetlands, inland wetlands, and other areas that can be reclaimed as polder land, but coordinating this with ecosystem conservation in wetlands and tidal flats is becoming an important issue.

[Masumoto Arata and Yamaji Eiji]

"A Short History of Land Reclamation by Ishizo Ogushi (1955, National Land Development Council)""Agricultural Land Engineering, 3rd Edition, edited by Rokuro Yasutomi, Atsushi Tada, and Eiji Yamaji (1999, Bun'ei-do Publishing)"

[Reference items] | Lake IJsselmeer | Ariake Sea | Kojima Bay reclaimed land | Farmland development | Hachirogata reclaimed land
Reclamation method (type of embankment)
©Shogakukan ">

Reclamation method (type of embankment)

The expansion process of the Kojima Bay reclaimed land (figure)
The numbers in the figure indicate the year of completion of reclamation. Note: Based on the figure created by Takao Amaya (edited by Rokuro Yasutomi, Atsushi Tada, and Eiji Yamaji in "Agricultural Engineering," 3rd Edition, 1999, Bun'ei-do Publishing), and created by Eiji Yamaji using the Ministry of Agriculture, Forestry and Fisheries Kojima Bay Reclamation Construction Office's "Kojima Bay Reclamation" (1963) . ©Shogakukan

The expansion process of the Kojima Bay reclaimed land (figure)


Source: Shogakukan Encyclopedia Nipponica About Encyclopedia Nipponica Information | Legend

Japanese:

水深の小さい海面や湖面を堤防で囲み、ポンプや潮汐(ちょうせき)の干満差を利用して内部の水を排除し、土地を造成すること。埋立て地と異なり干拓地の標高は堤防外側の水面より下にある。干拓は構造上、複式干拓と単式干拓とに分類される。複式干拓は、八郎潟(はちろうがた)干拓、児島湾(こじまわん)干拓で代表されるように、堤防を二重構造とし、その間を淡水貯水湖として営農、生活などに利用する方式をいう。単式干拓は瀬戸内海、有明(ありあけ)海の多くの干拓にみられるように、堤防は一線であり、内部に貯水湖をもたない。

[増本 新・山路永司]

工法

自立堤式と緩傾斜堤式に大別される。自立堤式は堤防の前面に石組みやコンクリートで擁壁(ようへき)を建造し、その背面に山土や砂を盛って堤防とする方法で、基礎地盤の支持力が強固である場合に適している。20世紀中ごろまではこの形式がほとんどであった。しかし土質工学の発達と軟弱地盤の処理工法の進歩につれ、緩傾斜堤式が主流を占めるようになった。これは、ほとんど支持力をもたない軟弱地盤の表面を砂で置き換え、堤防の前端および後端部分に波力に耐える大きさの捨て石をし、その間に大粒径の砂を吹き込み、整形を施して、アスファルトなどによりその表面を保護する方法であり、堤防は軟弱地盤と水との間にいわば浮いていることになる。緩傾斜工法の発達により、従来は施工できなかった地域でも干拓可能となり、干拓適地が大きく広がることとなった。

[増本 新・山路永司]

自然条件と干拓

水深が小さく、潮汐の干満差が大きく、かつ短い堤防線により大面積を囲める所は、干拓の適地といえ、有明海や瀬戸内海などが代表的である。こうした適地では、干拓を行ったあとで海流が細かい土砂を不断に運搬して、干拓のフロントに堆積(たいせき)させる場合がある。この場合、定常的に干拓地を前進させなければ、後背地の排水条件が悪化し、土地利用効率が低下するおそれがあるため、干拓地は前進してゆく。これは農地面積拡大過程においては望ましいことであり、その拡大過程の一例がのとおりである。

[増本 新・山路永司]

歴史と分布

日本における干拓に関する最古の記録としては、『続日本後紀(しょくにほんこうき)』に849年(嘉祥2)に行われた干拓を題材にしたと思われる歌があり、1279年(弘安2)には熊本県でやや本格的な干拓が行われたという記述がある。江戸時代には現代の技術水準と大差のない高度の土木技術が用いられ、主として有明海周辺で活発に干拓が行われた。

 第二次世界大戦後の食糧難は、干拓を行政、技術の両面から発展させ、農林水産省所管の国営事業として多くの地区で干拓事業が実施されてきた。

 1957年(昭和32)に着手された八郎潟干拓は日本最大の干拓地として、また大規模機械農業実施の場として有名である。従来は汽水湖で琵琶(びわ)湖に次ぐ大きさの湖であったが、堤防で締め切り淡水湖化したうえで、中央干拓地、周辺干拓地を造成した。中央干拓地では1万5000ヘクタールの土地が造成され、600戸の農家が新規入植し、1戸当り15ヘクタールの大型機械化営農を行っている。

 外国ではオランダがもっとも有名である。ライン川河口のデルタ地帯に位置するオランダでは、10世紀ごろから築堤により小規模な海面干拓を進めてきた。16世紀には風車の排水への応用が始まり、18世紀末からは蒸気機関によるポンプが活用されて大規模な干拓事業が実施されてきた。オランダ北岸からドイツのシュレスウィヒ・ホルシュタイン州を経てデンマークに至るフリジア諸島沿岸においても、かつて大規模に干拓が行われた。シュトルムの小説『白馬の騎者』はドイツの北海に臨む港町フーズム付近の干拓地を守った堤防監督官の一生を描いたものである。1927年には22万ヘクタールにおよぶゾイデル海干拓事業が着手され、延長30キロメートルにおよぶ北海とゾイデル海との遮断堤ができてからは、旧ゾイデル海は淡水のアイセル湖となり、内部に多くの干拓地が造成された。これは先に述べた複式干拓の典型例である。また、古くはローマ時代中期のイタリアでも干拓の記録が残っている。

 東南アジア諸国における海岸湿地帯、内陸湿地帯など、干拓地とすることのできる地域は膨大な面積におよんでいるが、湿地帯や干潟における生態系保全との調整が重要な課題となってきている。

[増本 新・山路永司]

『大串石蔵著『干拓小史』(1955・国土開発審査会)』『安富六郎・多田敦・山路永司編『農地工学』第3版(1999・文永堂出版)』

[参照項目] | アイセル湖 | 有明海 | 児島湾干拓地 | 農地造成 | 八郎潟干拓地
干拓の工法(堤防の形式)
©Shogakukan">

干拓の工法(堤防の形式)

児島湾干拓地の拡大過程〔図〕
図中の数字は干拓の完了年注:天谷孝夫作成の図(安富六郎・多田敦・山路永司編『農地工学』第3版・1999年・文永堂出版)に基づき、農林省児島湾干拓建設事務所編・刊『児島湾干拓』(1963年)を用いて山路永司が作成©Shogakukan">

児島湾干拓地の拡大過程〔図〕


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