The condition used by German meteorologist and climatologist Köppen to determine the boundary between arid and humid climates (woody climates) when classifying climates. Arid climates are defined as climates in which the annual precipitation is less than the annual evaporation, but there are few observation points for annual evaporation, so it is estimated from the annual average temperature. Noting that the distribution of vegetation around the world matches the climate classification, Köppen attempted to classify climates, estimating the annual evaporation from the annual average temperature as follows to determine the arid limit. The annual precipitation r (centimeters) at the arid limit is the annual average temperature t (°C), and he gave the following formulas: (1) r = 2(t + 7) for areas with average precipitation throughout the year, (2) r = 2(t + 14) for areas with precipitation concentrated in summer, and (3) r = 2t for areas with heavy precipitation in winter. In other words, the annual precipitation in arid climate areas is less than r calculated from the annual average temperature. Arid climates are further classified into steppe climates (BS) and desert climates (BW), and the boundary between the two is half the arid limit. Similar dryness limits have also been proposed by MI Budyko (1920-2001) and CW Thornthwaite (1899-1963). [Kazuo Fukaishi] Source: Shogakukan Encyclopedia Nipponica About Encyclopedia Nipponica Information | Legend |
ドイツの気象・気候学者ケッペンが気候区分の際に乾燥気候と湿潤気候(樹木気候)の境界に用いた条件。乾燥気候は年降水量が年蒸発量より少ない気候と定義されるが、年蒸発量の観測地点が少なく、年平均気温から推定される。世界の植生分布が気候区分と一致することに着目し、気候区分を試みたケッペンは、年蒸発量を次のように年平均気温から推定して乾燥限界を定めた。乾燥限界の年降水量r(センチメートル)は、年平均気温t(℃)とすると、(1)年中平均した降水のある地域ではr=2(t+7)、(2)夏に降水の集中する地域ではr=2(t+14)、(3)冬に降水の多い地域ではr=2tの式を与えた。つまり乾燥気候地域の年降水量は、年平均気温から算出したrよりも少ない地域とした。さらに乾燥気候はステップ気候(BS)と砂漠気候(BW)に区分され、両者の境界は乾燥限界の2分の1とした。同様な乾燥限界はブディコM. I. Budyko(1920―2001)やソーンスウェートC. W. Thornthwaite(1899―1963)などによっても考案されている。 [深石一夫] 出典 小学館 日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)について 情報 | 凡例 |
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