Chaucer - Geoffrey Chaucer

Japanese: チョーサー - ちょーさー(英語表記)Geoffrey Chaucer
Chaucer - Geoffrey Chaucer

The greatest medieval English poet and the founder of modern English poetry. Dryden called him the "father of English poetry" and described his colorful and rich poetry as a world of "divine abundance."

[Ando Shinsuke]

environment

Born into a wealthy London wine merchant's family, he served at court from an early age, and later held various public posts, including military officer, diplomat, customs inspector, construction inspector, forestry officer, justice of the peace, and member of parliament. The breadth and depth of his understanding of humanity that he gained from his diverse and varied career as a high-ranking official is well reflected in the realistic view of humanity seen in his later works.

[Ando Shinsuke]

Apprenticeship period

During this period, he was influenced by French literature that was popular at the court at that time, such as the works of Machaut, Deschamps, and Froissart, and The Romance of the Rose. He also tried to translate The Romance of the Rose into English, a fragment of which remains today. The story was written by two completely contrasting authors, the first of which glorifies the idealistic tradition of courtly love, while the second rejects it, considers the purpose of love to be the preservation of the species, and develops a realistic worldview. These two attitudes correspond to the development of Chaucer's works from his early period to his later period, where he begins as an idealistic, traditional poet of love, and gradually arrives at a realistic, comic view of the world and humanity. His style also gradually breaks away from traditional techniques such as dream visions and allegory, and establishes his own unique realistic expression.

[Ando Shinsuke]

A compilation of narrative literature

His early masterpiece, The Book of the Duchess (c. 1369-70), was written to commemorate the wife of his patron, Duke John of Gaunt, who died during the Great Plague in 1369. It shows the influence of French literature in the use of dream visions, but it has already gone beyond mere imitation, and in his later works we can see the beginnings of his own unique humor, dramatic techniques, and talent for self-caricature. The Palace of Honor (unfinished, c. 1374-82) also uses the dream vision style, but it also contains elements that could be called the author's autobiography, and shows the influence of Dante's Divine Comedy (1307-21). The Parliament of the Birds (c. 1380-86) also uses dream visions and allegory, but the author's interest was already in the real human world, and he vividly depicts the diverse personalities and thoughts of human beings. "Troilus and Criseyde" (completed around 1385) is a work based on Boccaccio's "Philostrato" (around 1338), and is a masterpiece that explores the themes of human joy and suffering surrounding the passion of love, and the temporality and eternity of love. After "The Good Woman" (unfinished, created around 1386), a series of biographies of women who died for love, Chaucer finally created the masterpiece "The Canterbury Tales" (unfinished, around 1387-1400), which can be said to be the culmination of medieval European narrative literature, and created a huge monument in medieval European literature.

[Ando Shinsuke]

British sense of humour

Chaucer's view of humanity is often sharply satirical, but generally he is filled with tolerant humor and looks at the value of human thoughts and actions from various perspectives. In this way, Chaucer, who tries to accept the diversity of values, hated sycophancy that arises from a rigid mind. When he saw that a person's thoughts or actions had fallen into self-righteousness under the mask of sincerity, he did not hesitate to make it the subject of laughter. This strong sense of humor is undoubtedly British.

Chaucer's literature, unlike that of his contemporary poets Langland and Gower, was the pinnacle of medieval literature and also the source of Renaissance and modern literature.In terms of expression, style, thought, and many other points, Chaucer's literature followed medieval traditions while constantly shedding its roots and transforming.

[Ando Shinsuke]

"Chaucer" by Coghill, translated by Shinsuke Ando (1971, Kenkyusha Publishing)""The World of Chaucer" by Michio Masui (Iwanami Shinsho)

[References] | The Canterbury Tales | Troilus and Criseyde

Source: Shogakukan Encyclopedia Nipponica About Encyclopedia Nipponica Information | Legend

Japanese:

中世イギリス最大の詩人で、近代イギリス詩の創始者。ドライデンは彼を「イギリス詩の父」とよび、また彼の多彩、豊潤な詩作品を「神の豊饒(ほうじょう)」の世界と称した。

[安東伸介]

環境

ロンドンの裕福なぶどう酒商の家に生まれる。幼少のころから宮廷に出仕、長じて軍人、外交官、税関監督官、工事監督、林務官、治安判事、代議士などの公職を歴任した。こうした多様多岐にわたるいわば高級官吏としての経歴から得た人間理解の広さ、深さは、後期の作品にみられる現実主義的(リアリステイツク)な人間観によく現れている。

[安東伸介]

習作時代

この時代は、もっぱらマショー、デシャン、フロアサールの作品や『ばら物語』など、当時宮廷に流行したフランス文学の影響を受け、自らも『ばら物語』の英訳を試み、今日その断章が残っている。この物語は、まったく対照的な2人の作者の手になり、その前編が理想主義的な宮廷風恋愛の伝統を賛美しているのに対して、後編はこれを否定し、愛の目的を種の保存と考え、現実主義的な世界観を展開する。この二つの態度は、チョーサーの作品の初期から後期への発展過程に照応するもので、彼はまず理想主義的、伝統的な愛の詩人として出発し、しだいに現実主義的、喜劇的な世界観、人間観に到達する。作風もまたドリーム・ビジョン(夢に現れる幻想の形式)やアレゴリーなどの伝統的手法からしだいに脱して、独自の写実主義的表現方法を確立するに至る。

[安東伸介]

物語文学の集大成

初期の傑作『公爵夫人の書』(1369~70ころ)は、1369年のペスト大流行のおりに死去した彼のパトロン、ジョン・オブ・ゴーント公の夫人を追悼するために書かれた作品で、ドリーム・ビジョンの様式を用いている点などフランス文学の影響がみられるが、すでに単なる模倣の域を脱し、後期の作品に著しい作者独自のユーモア、劇的手法、自己戯画化の才の萌芽(ほうが)が認められる。『誉(ほまれ)の宮』(未完、1374~82ころ)は同じくドリーム・ビジョンの様式を用いているが、作者の自叙伝ともいうべき要素を含み、ダンテの『神曲』(1307~21)の影響がみられる。『鳥の議会』(1380~86ころ)もドリーム・ビジョンとアレゴリーの手法によりながら、すでに作者の関心は現実の人間世界にあり、人間の多様な個性、思想が鮮やかに描かれている。『トロイルスとクリセイデ』(1385ころ完成)はボッカチオの『フィロストラート(恋の虜(とりこ))』(1338ころ)を素材とした作品で、愛の熱情をめぐる人間の歓喜と苦悩、愛における時間性と永遠性の主題を追求した傑作である。さらにチョーサーは、恋に殉じた女性たちの列伝『善女物語』(未完、1386ころ創作)を経て、ついにヨーロッパ中世の物語文学の集大成ともいうべき大作『カンタベリー物語』(未完、1387ころ~1400)を創作するに至り、中世ヨーロッパ文学における一つの巨大な記念碑を創造した。

[安東伸介]

イギリス的なユーモア感覚

チョーサーの人間を見つめる眼(め)は、しばしば鋭い風刺を発揮することもあるが、総じて、寛容なユーモアに満ち、人間の思想や行為の価値をさまざまな視点から眺めている。このように価値の多様性を認めようとするチョーサーが嫌ったものは、硬直した精神から生ずる事大主義であった。人間の思想であれ、行為であれ、それが誠実の仮面の下に独善に陥ったとみたとき、チョーサーはこれを遠慮なく笑いの対象とした。この強靭(きょうじん)なユーモアの感覚は、紛れもなくイギリス的である。

 チョーサーの文学は、同時代の詩人ラングランドやガワーのそれと異なり、中世文学の頂点であると同時にルネサンス、近代文学の源流ともなったものであり、表現形式、文体、思想その他さまざまな点において、中世的伝統に従いながら絶えずそれから脱皮し、変貌(へんぼう)し続けていった世界であった。

[安東伸介]

『コグヒル著、安東伸介訳『チョーサー』(1971・研究社出版)』『桝井迪夫著『チョーサーの世界』(岩波新書)』

[参照項目] | カンタベリー物語 | トロイルスとクリセイデ

出典 小学館 日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)について 情報 | 凡例

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