A substance used to remove moisture from a substance. Desiccants are highly hygroscopic substances, and those that undergo a chemical change due to moisture absorption are called chemical desiccants, while those that use physical adsorption or freezing are called physical desiccants. Examples of the former include calcium chloride anhydrous and diphosphorus pentoxide, and examples of the latter include silica gel and alumina. The capabilities of desiccants are compared based on three factors: moisture absorption power (amount of remaining moisture), moisture absorption speed, and moisture absorption capacity. Generally, chemical desiccants have a greater moisture absorption capacity, but physical desiccants are easier to regenerate. Desiccants come in acidic, basic, and neutral types, and care must be taken as some are suitable and others are not. As a general rule, acidic desiccants should be used for acidic substances, and so on. It can also refer to metal compounds added to promote the oxidative drying of fatty oils and facilitate the formation of solid coatings (collectively known as driers). Oxides of cobalt, manganese, lead, etc., fatty acid salts (metal soaps), resin salts, etc. are used. Metal oxides are mainly used in the production of boiled oil. They react with the free fatty acids in the fatty oils and become metallic soaps in the boiled oil. Metal organic salts are oil-soluble, so they can be used directly in drying oils, but they are also used in the production of boiled oil. [Kazuo Fukuzumi] Source: Shogakukan Encyclopedia Nipponica About Encyclopedia Nipponica Information | Legend |
物質中の水分を除去するために用いられる物質をいう。乾燥剤は吸湿性の強い物質で、吸湿により化学変化をおこす場合を化学的乾燥剤といい、物理的な吸着や凍結などによるものを物理的乾燥剤という。前者には塩化カルシウム無水物、五酸化二リンなどが、後者にはシリカゲル、アルミナなどがある。乾燥剤の能力は、吸湿力(残存水分の量)、吸湿速度、吸湿容量の3因子によって比較される。また吸湿容量は一般に化学的乾燥剤のほうが大であるが、再生は物理的乾燥剤のほうが容易である。乾燥剤には、酸性、塩基性、中性のものがあり、適、不適があるので注意を要する。原則として酸性には酸性乾燥剤を、というように用いればよい。 また、脂肪油の酸化乾燥を促進し、固体塗膜形成を容易にするために添加する金属化合物をいう場合がある(ドライヤーdrierと総称する)。コバルト、マンガン、鉛などの酸化物、脂肪酸塩(金属せっけん)、樹脂酸塩などが使用される。金属酸化物は主としてボイル油の製造に用いられる。脂肪油中の遊離脂肪酸と作用してボイル油中では金属せっけんの形となる。金属有機塩は油溶性であるから、乾性油に直接使用しうるが、またボイル油製造にも使用される。 [福住一雄] 出典 小学館 日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)について 情報 | 凡例 |
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