A type of short word that combines with a noun or a word that is treated as a noun to define its meaning and form a noun phrase. Many languages lack articles, and their position within a noun phrase can be either before or after the noun (such as the definite articles in Romanian and Norse languages). Articles are subdivided into definite and indefinite articles, but their distribution is not necessarily symmetrical; in English, indefinite articles occur only before singular (countable) nouns, but this is not the case for definite articles. For this reason, some scholars consider the existence of "zero articles." In French, "partitive articles" are simply a fusion of a partitive particle and a definite article. There are also many languages that have definite articles but lack indefinite articles, such as Hebrew. The basic meaning of an article is often discussed as the presence or absence of definiteness, and one recent study on English articles (by Hawkins) states that the function of a definite article is "to instruct the listener to locate the noun phrase's reference within one of many sets of objects defined by the various knowledge shared by the speaker and the listener and the context of the speech," but this has not yet been fully explained. The use of articles is not necessarily uniform across languages; for example, it has been reported that Breton definite articles are not directly related to the definiteness of a noun phrase, and are used when the noun phrase's reference is specific rather than generic. In languages without articles, the contrast between definite and indefinite is indicated by various other means, such as the difference between ha and ga in Japanese. [Mikio Kawamura] Source: Shogakukan Encyclopedia Nipponica About Encyclopedia Nipponica Information | Legend |
名詞および名詞として扱われる語と結び付いてその意味を限定し、名詞句を構成する短い語の類。冠詞を欠く言語は多く、その名詞句内の位置についても、名詞に前置される場合と後置される場合(ルーマニア語、ノルド諸語の定冠詞など)がある。冠詞は定冠詞と不定冠詞に下位区分されるが、両者の分布はかならずしも対称ではなく、英語でも不定冠詞は単数(可算)名詞の前にのみおこるが、定冠詞はこの限りでない。このため「ゼロ冠詞」を考える学者もいる。なお、フランス語の「部分冠詞」は部分格小辞と定冠詞の融合形にすぎない。また、定冠詞を有するが不定冠詞を欠く言語は、ヘブライ語など数多い。冠詞の基本的意味はしばしば定性(definiteness)の有(定)無(不定)として論じられ、英語の冠詞についての最近の研究の一つ(Hawkinsによる)は、定冠詞の働きを「話し手と聞き手の共有する種々の知識と発話の場面に規定された何組もの対象のうちの一組の中に名詞句の指し示すものを位置づけよと聞き手に指示する」としているが、まだ十分な解明は行われていない。冠詞の用法は言語によってもかならずしも一様でなく、たとえばブルトン語の(定)冠詞は名詞句の定性と直接には関係せず、名詞句の指示するものが総称的(generic)でなく特定的(specific)であるとき用いられることが報告されている。冠詞のない言語では、定・不定の対立が日本語のは・がの使い分けのように他のさまざまな手段で示される。 [川村三喜男] 出典 小学館 日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)について 情報 | 凡例 |
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