Inertia

Japanese: 慣性 - かんせい
Inertia

When not acted upon by an external force, i.e. when an object is moving freely, it will continue to move without changing its speed. This property is called inertia. Newton's first law of motion, the Law of Inertia, states that all objects have the property of inertia. Since a state of rest is a state of zero speed, inertia also includes the property of an object at rest maintaining its state of rest when not acted upon by an external force ( Figure A ).

Since objects are always subjected to some kind of external force, inertia can be experimentally determined by eliminating the action of external forces as much as possible. When viewed from a coordinate system that moves along with a freely moving object, i.e., an inertial coordinate system, it is possible to correctly determine the change in speed of an object when it is subjected to an external force. Even when the same magnitude of external force is applied, the resulting change in speed differs depending on the object. This is due to the magnitude of the object's inertia. A physical quantity that indicates the magnitude of inertia is defined, and is called inertial mass ( Figure B ).

When viewed from a coordinate system with acceleration a , an object in free motion appears to be moving with an acceleration of -a . In this way, when viewed from a coordinate system with acceleration a , the object moves as if it is subjected to a force of -ma in addition to the external force. This force is called the force of inertia. This force is felt when a vehicle makes a sharp turn. It is also called inertial resistance. If a force of -ma is added to an object with acceleration a that is subjected to an external force, the object will either move freely or enter a state of equilibrium. The force of -ma in this case is also called the force of inertia.

[Hajime Tanaka]

[Reference] | Laws of motion | Newton
Inertia (when no external force acts on an object) [Figure A]
©Shogakukan ">

Inertia (when there is no external force acting on an object) [Figure A...

Inertia (when a stationary object is subjected to an external force) [Figure B]
©Shogakukan ">

Inertia (when a stationary object is subjected to an external force)


Source: Shogakukan Encyclopedia Nipponica About Encyclopedia Nipponica Information | Legend

Japanese:

外力の作用を受けないとき、すなわち自由運動を行っているとき、物体はその速度を変えることなく運動を保ち続ける。この性質を慣性という。すべての物体が慣性という性質をもつことを述べたのが、ニュートンの運動の第一法則である、慣性の法則である。静止状態は速度ゼロの状態であるので、慣性には、静止状態にある物体が外力の作用を受けないときに静止状態を持続する性質も含んでいる(図A)。

 物体はつねになんらかの外力を受けているので、外力の作用をできるだけ除いていくことによって慣性を実験的にみいだすことができる。自由運動を行う物体とともに移動する座標系、すなわち慣性座標系からみれば、外力の作用を受けたときの物体の速度の変化を正しくみいだすことができる。同じ大きさの外力を作用させても、得られる速度の変化は物体によって異なる。これは物体の慣性の大小によるものである。その大きさを示す物理量を定義し、これを慣性質量という(図B)。

 加速度aをもつ座標系からみれば、自由運動をしている物体は、-aの加速度で運動しているようにみえる。このように、加速度aの座標系からみたとき、物体は外力のほかに-maの力を受けているように運動する。この力を慣性力という。乗り物が急カーブをしたときに感じる力は、この力である。慣性抵抗ともいう。外力を受けた加速度aの物体に対して、外力のほかに、かりに-maの力をさらに加えるとすれば、物体は自由運動を行うか、つり合いの状態になる。このときの-maの力も慣性力という。

[田中 一]

[参照項目] | 運動の法則 | ニュートン
慣性(物体に働く外力がない場合)〔図A〕
©Shogakukan">

慣性(物体に働く外力がない場合)〔図A…

慣性(静止状態の物体が外力の作用を受けた場合)〔図B〕
©Shogakukan">

慣性(静止状態の物体が外力の作用を受け…


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