An ancient Palaeozoic orogenic belt that stretches from Ireland, Scotland, Wales, and northwest England to the west of the Scandinavian Peninsula in a northeast-southwest direction. Caledonia is the old name for Scotland. Its northwestern end is bordered by the Moine Thrust Fault with an area (Hebrides) that is part of the broader Canadian Shield, and its southeastern end is bordered by the Baltic Shield. At present, the Atlantic Ocean has expanded and separated them from each other, but at the time of their formation, they are said to have been connected to the Appalachian orogenic belt in North America, as well as eastern Greenland and Spitsbergen (Svalbard). It underwent a series of movements from the late Precambrian to the middle Devonian of the Paleozoic. At the end of the Precambrian, there was the Cadomian movement, and there was a large amount of acid volcanic activity in the Welsh region (some say that this movement is excluded from the Caledonian orogeny). The northwestern highlands (Scottish Highlands) were deformed and metamorphosed, mainly due to the Grampian movement in the early Ordovician of the Paleozoic. Volcanic activity is also known in the southeastern part of the country. From the end of the Silurian to the middle Devonian, there was intense folding, accompanied by the formation of cleavage and thrust faults, over a wide area, mainly in the southeastern part of the country. Regional metamorphism is also observed in western Scandinavia. This is called the Caledonian movement in the strict sense (main movement). There was also the intrusion of granite in the early Devonian. Taking the UK as an example, the Caledonian orogen can be divided into a metamorphic zone in the northwest and a non-metamorphic zone in the southeast, with the Midland Valley near Glasgow as the border. The northwestern zone is based on Archean gneiss granulite, and is composed of the Moine metamorphic rocks of the latest Precambrian and the Dalradian metamorphic rocks that extend to the Early Ordovician. The protoliths of the Moine metamorphic rocks are deltaic sandstones, and the Dalradian metamorphic rocks are represented by thick turbidite facies (layers deposited by turbidity currents). The southeastern zone is famous for its type stratigraphy of the late Palaeozoic. It is mainly composed of turbidites, but volcanic rocks are also prominent in the Ordovician. The shell facies producing brachiopod and trilobite fossils is developed on the margins of the Welsh sedimentary basins, while graptolite facies is developed in the central area. The strata, which were folded and faulted by the Caledonian orogeny, were unconformably overlain by post-orogenic deposits (molasses), the non-marine Old Red Sandstone of Devonian age. [Teru Iwamatsu and Akihiro Murata] [References] | | | | | | | | | | | | | |©Shogakukan "> Mountain belts of the world Source: Shogakukan Encyclopedia Nipponica About Encyclopedia Nipponica Information | Legend |
アイルランド、スコットランド、ウェールズ、イングランド北西部からスカンジナビア半島西部にかけて北東―南西方向に延びる古期古生代の造山帯。カレドニアCaledoniaはスコットランドの古名である。北西端はモイン衝上(しょうじょう)断層によって広義のカナダ楯状地(たてじょうち)の一部であるエリア(ヘブリディーズ)と接し、南東端はバルト楯状地と接している。現在は大西洋が拡大して互いに隔たっているが、成立時には北アメリカのアパラチア造山帯およびグリーンランド東部やスピッツベルゲン(スバールバル)島に接続していたといわれる。 先カンブリア時代後期から古生代デボン紀中期にかけて一連の変動を受けた。先カンブリア時代末期にカドミアン変動があり、ウェールズ地方では大量の酸性火山活動があった(この変動をカレドニア造山運動から除く考えもある)。主として古生代オルドビス紀前期のグランピアン変動によって北西部高地(スコティッシュハイランド)は変形、変成を受けた。南東部でも火山活動などが知られている。シルル紀末期~デボン紀中期には、南東部を中心に広域にわたって、劈開(へきかい)や衝上断層の形成を伴う激しい褶曲(しゅうきょく)作用があった。スカンジナビア西部では広域変成作用も認められる。これを狭義のカレドニア変動(主変動)という。デボン紀初期には花崗(かこう)岩類の貫入もあった。 カレドニア造山帯は、模式地であるイギリスを例にとると、グラスゴー付近のミッドランドバレーを境に北西部の変成帯と南東部の非変成帯とに大別できる。北西部地帯は、始生代の片麻(へんま)岩グラニュライトを基盤とし、先カンブリア時代末期のモイン変成岩や、オルドビス紀前期まで及ぶダルラディアン変成岩からなる。モイン変成岩の原岩はデルタ性の砂質岩で、ダルラディアン変成岩は厚いタービダイト(混濁流によって堆積した地層)相で代表される。南東部地帯は、古生代後期の模式的な層序が発達していることで有名である。主としてタービダイトからなるが、オルドビス紀には火山岩層も卓越する。ウェールズの堆積(たいせき)盆縁辺部では腕足貝や三葉虫(さんようちゅう)化石を産出する貝殻相が、また中心部では筆石相が発達する。カレドニア造山運動によって褶曲や断層の影響を受けた地層は、後造山期堆積物(モラッセ)であるデボン紀の非海成旧赤色砂岩層に不整合に覆われた。 [岩松 暉・村田明広] [参照項目] | | | | | | | | | | | | | |©Shogakukan"> 世界の造山帯 出典 小学館 日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)について 情報 | 凡例 |
>>: Caledonia (English spelling)
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