The Three Doctors of the Kansei Era

Japanese: 寛政の三博士 - かんせいのさんはかせ

Three Confucian scholars were central to the educational reform of the Edo Shogunate during the Kansei era (1789-1801). Matsudaira Sadanobu, who initiated the reform of various government policies, appointed Shibano Kuriyama (Hikosuke), Okada Kansen (Seisuke), and Bito Nishu (Ryosa) as Confucian scholars at the Yushima Seido in order to correct the problems of the division and conflict between various schools of thought. He assisted the University Chief Hayashi Nobutaka in carrying out the Kansei ban on heterodox schools and had them control academic thought through Confucianism. After Nobutaka's death, Sosai became the University Chief, and after Sadanobu's retirement, Koga Seiri (Yasuke) succeeded Kansen. Together with Kuriyama and Nishu, they worked to reform the Shogunate's educational system, with Seido at its center. As a result, Seido, which had previously been a private school run by the Hayashi family, was established as the Shoheizaka Academy, the Shogunate's official school, and Neo-Confucianism firmly established its position as the Shogunate's orthodox teaching. Gradually, other feudal domains followed suit, and the "ban on foreign learning" achieved its purpose. Therefore, in addition to Kuriyama and Nishu, Kansen and Seizato are generally referred to as the Three Doctors of the Kansei Era, or the Three Assistants.

Source: Encyclopaedia Britannica Concise Encyclopedia About Encyclopaedia Britannica Concise Encyclopedia Information

Japanese:

寛政年間 (1789～1801) ，江戸幕府の学制改革の中心となった3人の朱子学者のこと。諸政の改革に着手した老中松平定信は，諸学の分立抗争の弊を正すため，柴野栗山 (彦輔) ，岡田寒泉 (清助) ，尾藤二洲 (良佐) を湯島聖堂の儒官とし，大学頭林信敬を助けて寛政異学の禁を実行し，朱子学による学問思想の統制にあたらせた。信敬の没後は述斎が大学頭となり，定信の引退後は古賀精里 (弥助) が寒泉の後任となり，栗山，二洲とともに聖堂を中心とする幕府の学制の改革をはかった。これにより，それまでの林家の私学的傾向の強かった聖堂は昌平坂学問所，幕府の官学として確立され，朱子学は幕府の正統的教学としての位置を確固たるものにした。諸藩も漸次これにならうようになり，「異学の禁」はその目的を達成しえた。そこで一般に栗山，二洲のほかに寒泉または精里を加えて寛政の三博士，あるいは三助と称する。

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