In historical materialism (Marxist social science), it is considered to be a fundamental concept for understanding society as a whole, together with the superstructure. It is a highly abstract concept, and is also called a philosophical category. Historically, it originated from Marx's formulation of the concept of base in the Introduction to the Critique of Political Economy (written in 1859). The basis is the totality of production relations that form the basis of a particular society and correspond to a particular material productive force, that is, the economic structure of the society. This concept of base has since been established in the history of Marxism as the term infrastructure. Historical materialism asserts the active reaction of the superstructure, which is embodied as the social, political, and spiritual life process, against the base as an economic structure, and the dialectical interaction between the two, but it also emphasizes the determining role of the base, that is, the point that it is the economic structure that ultimately determines the form of a particular society as a whole. Therefore, as long as class conflicts exist regarding the relations of production, such as the ownership of the means of production, the class struggle in politics over who is dominated and who is ruled will also exist, and the fundamental issues of social change will be raised in accordance with the base. It is also argued that while the superstructure has an ideological character and a strong subjective element, material changes related to the base have a natural scientific and objective determinacy. [Akio Takeuchi and Nobuo Ishii] [Reference] |Source: Shogakukan Encyclopedia Nipponica About Encyclopedia Nipponica Information | Legend |
史的唯物論(マルクス主義社会科学)において、上部構造とあわせて社会全体を把握する基礎的概念とされる。きわめて抽象度が高い概念であり、哲学的カテゴリーともいわれる。歴史的には、マルクスの『経済学批判』序説(1859年ノート作成)における土台概念の定式化に端を発する。土台(Basis)とは、特定の社会の基礎をなすとともに、特定の物質的生産力に照応する生産関係の総体、社会の経済的構造であるが、この土台概念が、その後のマルクス主義の歴史において、下部構造ということばで定着してきた。史的唯物論では、社会的・政治的・精神的生活過程として具現する上部構造と、経済的構造としての土台との間に、前者の後者に対する能動的反作用や両者の弁証法的相互作用も主張されるが、土台の規定的役割、つまり、経済的構造こそが特定の社会全体のあり方を最終的に決定するという点が強調される。したがって、生産手段の所有関係といった生産関係に関して階級対立が存続する限り、政治における支配と被支配をめぐる階級闘争も存続するとされ、社会変革の根本的課題も土台に即して提起されることになる。また、上部構造がイデオロギー的性格をもち、主観的要素が強いのに対して、土台にかかわる物質的変革は自然科学的・客観的確定性をもつとも主張される。 [竹内章郎・石井伸男] [参照項目] |出典 小学館 日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)について 情報 | 凡例 |
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