Wind instrument - kanggakki (English spelling) wind instrument English

Japanese: 管楽器 - かんがっき(英語表記)wind instrument 英語
Wind instrument - kanggakki (English spelling) wind instrument English

A general term for instruments that produce sound by the vibration of a column of air inside a tube and are played by breath. Instruments that use tubes but do not rely on breath, such as organs, are generally not included in this classification.

They are broadly divided into brass and woodwind instruments, but there are also metal woodwind instruments and glass brass instruments, so they cannot be classified by material alone, and the distinction between the two is based on the sound production principle. Brass instruments, like the trumpet, vibrate the air column with the vibration of the lips. Woodwind instruments include those that use edge sounds, like the flute, and those that use reed vibrations, like the clarinet. Wind instruments are said to have existed since prehistoric times, but the origin of brass instruments is thought to be blowing on animal horns and conch shells, and woodwind instruments were first developed when it was discovered that sound could be produced by blowing the end of a tube sideways. Tubes of different lengths have also been bundled together and finger holes have been drilled since ancient times. Brass instruments with finger holes were used until the 19th century. Wind instruments can produce notes in the harmonic series by overblowing, and to adjust the pitch beyond that, finger holes are drilled or the overall length of the tube can be adjusted, but simple instruments are limited in the keys they can play, so many transposing instruments were used until the development of modern rational valve and key systems. Today, transposing instruments are primarily used according to the difference in tone.

[Maekawa Haruhisa]

[Reference] | Brass Instruments | Woodwind Instruments

Source: Shogakukan Encyclopedia Nipponica About Encyclopedia Nipponica Information | Legend

Japanese:

管の中の空気柱の振動で音を出し、息によって演奏される楽器の総称。オルガンのように、管を用いていても息によらないものは、この分類に含まれないのが普通である。

 金管楽器と木管楽器とに大別されるが、金属製の木管楽器やガラス製の金管楽器などもあり、材質だけでは分類できず、両者の区別は発音原理による。金管楽器は、トランペットのように唇の振動によって空気柱に振動が与えられるもの。木管楽器には、フルートのようにエッジ音によるものと、クラリネットのようにリードの振動によるものとがある。管楽器は先史時代から存在したとされるが、金管楽器のおこりは、動物の角(つの)や巻き貝の殻を吹いたことにあり、木管楽器は、管の端を横方向に吹くと音が出ることを発見したのが最初と考えられる。長さが異なる管を何本か束ねたり、指孔をあけたりすることも古くから行われていた。金管楽器でも、指孔をもつものが19世紀まで用いられていた。管楽器は、吹き方(オーバーブローイング)によって倍音列に属する音を出すことができ、それ以上の音高の調節のために、指孔をあけたり、管の全長を変えられるようにしたりするが、単純なものでは演奏可能な調が限られることから、現在のような合理的なバルブ・システムやキー・システムが開発されるまでは、多くの移調楽器が用いられた。今日では、移調楽器は主として音色の違いにより使い分けられている。

[前川陽郁]

[参照項目] | 金管楽器 | 木管楽器

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