Praying - Gankake

Japanese: 願掛け - がんかけ
Praying - Gankake

A method of praying to the gods and Buddhas. There are two types of prayer: communal prayers for the smooth running of the community, and individual prayers for personal reasons. The further back in time you go, the more common communal prayers are thought to be, probably because individual prayers are considered valid only when people have the awareness that the gods and Buddhas will listen to their wishes. In any case, people pray for things such as getting rid of illness and bad luck, as well as for business success and academic success. There are many different styles of prayer, but the more difficult the content of the prayer and the more painful the feelings, the more likely it is to become a complicated method. In a broad sense, worship can be considered a type of this. However, if you do not feel satisfied after just one visit, you may decide to visit the shrine every day for a set period of time, such as 21 days. Or you may visit the shrine a hundred or a thousand times. This is what is meant by taking a hundred steps or visiting a shrine a thousand times. There is also a method called mizugori, in which you purify your mind and body by pouring water over yourself. It was probably a way to purify oneself before praying to the gods and Buddhas, but this became an independent way of making wishes. This also developed into Senkakuri and Mankakuri. One typical example is Okori, where one withdraws from daily life and shuts oneself in a shrine or a specific place for a certain period of time. One lives separately from one's family, and during this time one performs ablutions to maintain a pure state and continue praying. People also make offerings of votive plaques. You can see people with poor eyesight writing the character "me" for each age, and people with poor hearing offering awls. In contrast to the practice of making an offering when a wish is granted, there are cases where people abstain from eating their favorite foods until their wish is granted. This is what is known as abstinence, such as abstaining from tea, alcohol, or salt. More aggressive practices include tying up the gods and Buddhas with ropes, and offering to untie the ropes if the wish is granted, such as the so-called "bound Jizo." If the deceased made a wish in their lifetime, a ritual called "Nagaimodoshi" is performed to release the wish. This ritual involves removing the hub of a fan and throwing it onto the roof, scattering grain on the coffin and roof, and shaking the kimono worn in life upside down. This is done out of consideration for those around the deceased, who are concerned that the wish they made will prevent them from attaining enlightenment.

[Masaru Sasaki]

Source: Shogakukan Encyclopedia Nipponica About Encyclopedia Nipponica Information | Legend

Japanese:

神仏に祈願するための方法。祈願の形式には、地域社会の生活を円滑に営むために行う共同祈願と、個人の事情によって行う個人祈願とがある。昔にさかのぼればさかのぼるほど、共同祈願のほうが盛んであったとされているのは、個人祈願は、個人の願いを神仏が聞き届けるという意識が生じて初めて成り立つと考えられているからであろう。いずれにしても、病気や厄払いから、商売繁盛や学業成就を念願して願掛けをする。願掛けには多種にわたる様式があるが、祈願の内容が困難なものほど、そしてその心情が痛切になればなるほど複雑な方式となりやすい。広い意味では参拝もその一種とみなすことができる。しかし、一度では充足した気になれないと、21日間などと期限を決めて日参することになる。あるいは百度、千度と参詣(さんけい)する。お百度を踏むとか千度参りというのはこのことである。水垢離(みずごり)といって水をかぶって心身を清める方式もある。神仏にお参りする前に身を清めたものであったのであろうが、これが独立して願掛けの方式となっている。これもまた千垢離、万垢離と発展する。日常生活から離れて、一定期間神社や特定の場所に閉じ籠(こも)る、お籠りも代表的なものといえる。家族とは別火の生活をするわけで、その間に垢離をとって、清浄な状態を保持し祈願を続ける。また、絵馬(えま)などを奉納することもある。目の悪い人が「め」という文字を年齢の数だけ記したものや、耳の悪い人が錐(きり)を奉納しているのをみかける。願いがかなったら何かを奉納するという方式とは逆に、願いがかなうまで好物を食べないということがある。茶断ち、酒断ち、塩断ちなど、断ちものというのがこれである。もっと積極的なものになると、神仏を縄で縛り上げ、願いをかなえれば縄を解いてやろうという、通称「しばられ地蔵」のようなものまで出てくる。死者が生前に願掛けをしていた場合に、立願(りゅうがん)を解く「願もどし」が行われる。扇の要(かなめ)を外して屋根に投げたり、穀物を棺や屋根に撒(ま)いたり、生前に着用していた着物を逆さに振ったりする。死者が願掛けのために成仏できなくなることを気遣った、周囲の心遣いによるものである。

[佐々木勝]

出典 小学館 日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)について 情報 | 凡例

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