A type of flavonoid. Its chemical structure consists of two benzene rings (A and B rings) connected by three carbon atoms, which together with one oxygen atom form a six-membered ring (C ring). Unlike flavones and isoflavones, it does not have double bonds at the 2nd and 3rd positions of the C ring, but has a hydroxyl group at the 3rd position. It is therefore a flavanol (flavan-3-ol) compound. Like other flavonoids, it has two phenolic hydroxyl groups in the A ring, but in addition, it has two or three phenolic hydroxyl groups in the B ring, and is called catechin and gallocatechin, respectively. Fruits and vegetables such as peaches, apricots, pears, kidney beans, and lotus root contain catechin, but gallocatechin is rarely found. However, tea leaves contain both in large amounts. The chemical characteristics of catechin and gallocatechin are that they have asymmetric carbons at the 2nd and 3rd positions of the C ring, which means that they have four optical isomers. Dextrorotatory ones are called (+) (or D or d ), levorotatory ones (-) (or L or l ), and the suffix epi is added to indicate a different configuration of one of the two asymmetric carbons. Thus there are (+) and (-) forms, (+)-epi and (-)-epi forms. They differ only in optical rotation, and do not differ in melting point, ultraviolet or infrared absorption spectrum, etc. When heated, they are isomerized to produce a racemic form. Tea leaves contain 1-2% (+)-catechin, 1-3% (+)-gallocatechin, 1-3% (-)-epicatechin (EC) and its gallic acid ester (ECG) 3-6%, 3-6% (-)-epigallocatechin (EGC) and its gallic acid ester (EGCG) 7-13% (all based on dried leaves), for a total of 16-30% catechins. These were isolated and their structures determined by Michiyo Tsujimura (1888-1969) of the RIKEN between 1929 and 1955. In general, free catechins have a bitter taste, while ester-type catechins with gallic acid at the 3-position have an astringent taste. The catechins and gallocatechins in tea leaves are easily oxidized by the enzymes in the leaves (polyphenol oxidase), producing the orange-red tropolone compound theaflavin and the reddish-brown polymeric compound thearubigin, which give black tea its distinctive color and flavor. [Tomita Isao] [Reference] | |Source: Shogakukan Encyclopedia Nipponica About Encyclopedia Nipponica Information | Legend |
フラボノイドの一種。化学構造的には2個のベンゼン環(AおよびB環)が、3個の炭素で結ばれたもので、この3個の炭素は1個の酸素原子とともに6員環(C環)を形成している。フラボンやイソフラボンと異なり、C環2、3位に二重結合はなく、3位にヒドロキシ基をもつ。したがってフラバノール(フラバン‐3‐オール)化合物である。ほかのフラボノイドと同様、A環に2個のフェノール性ヒドロキシ基をもつが、このほか、B環に2個あるいは3個のフェノール性ヒドロキシ基をもち、それぞれ、カテキン、ガロカテキンと称される。モモ、アンズ、ナシ、インゲンマメ、蓮根(れんこん)など果実や野菜にはカテキンは含まれているが、ガロカテキンが含まれることは少ない。ただし茶葉には、両者ともに多く含まれる。カテキンやガロカテキンの化学的特徴としては、C環の2位と3位に不整炭素をもち、そのため4種の光学異性体があることである。右旋性のものを(+)(またはDあるいはd)、左旋性のものを(-)(またはLあるいはl)でよび、さらに2個の不斉炭素のうち1個の立体配置の異なるものにエピをつけてよぶ。したがって(+)体と(-)体、(+)‐エピ体と(-)‐エピ体がある。これらは旋光性が異なるだけで、融点、紫外および赤外吸収スペクトルなどは変わらない。加熱によって異性化し、ラセミ体が生成する。茶葉には(+)‐カテキン1~2%、(+)‐ガロカテキン1~3%、(-)‐エピカテキン(EC)1~3%とその没食子酸エステル(ECG)3~6%、(-)‐エピガロカテキン(EGC)3~6%とその没食子酸エステル(EGCG)7~13%(いずれも乾燥葉当たり)、計16~30%のカテキン類が含まれる。これらは1929年(昭和4)から1955年(昭和30)にかけて理化学研究所の辻村みちよ(1888―1969)によって単離、構造決定された。一般に遊離型カテキンは苦味を、3位に没食子酸をもつエステル型カテキンは渋味をもつ。 茶葉中のカテキンおよびガロカテキンは、茶葉の酵素(ポリフェノールオキシダーゼ)によって容易に酸化され、両者から、橙赤色のトロポロン構造をもつ化合物テアフラビンや、それぞれの重合物で赤褐色の高分子化合物テアルビジンなどが生成する。そしてこれらは紅茶の色と味を特徴づけている。 [富田 勲] [参照項目] | |出典 小学館 日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)について 情報 | 凡例 |
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