Kawachi Province

The old name of the province in the southeastern part of Osaka Prefecture. It is one of the five Kinai provinces, and is abbreviated as Kawashu. It borders Yamashiro and Yamato to the east, Kii to the south, and Settsu and Izumi to the west. In the past, it included part of Settsu and the whole of Izumi, and was called Oshikochi and Oshikochi. From an early period, prefectures such as Mino, Shiki, Konku, Otori, and Chinu were established as direct territories of the imperial family, but after the Taika Reforms, it was divided into Kawachi Province and Settsu Province (Tsu Province), and in 701 (the first year of the Taiho era), when the provinces were divided into four ranks, it belonged to the Okuni category. The number of districts was initially 18, including Nishikori, Ishikawa, Furuichi, Yasukahe, Katashimo, Katakame, Takayasu, Kawachi, Sarara, Mamuta, Katano, Wakae, Shibukawa, Shiki, Tachihi, Otori, Izumi, and Hine. In March 716 (Reiki 2), two of these districts, Izumi and Hine, were separated and donated to Chinunomiya, and in April, Otori, Izumi, and Hine were further separated as Izumi Gen, bringing the total number of districts to 15. Then, in November 720 (Yoro 4), the two districts of Katagami and Katashita were merged to form Oagata district, bringing the total to 14 districts, and during the Kamakura period, Tanbi district was divided into two districts, Tannan and Tanhoku, and Tanhoku district was further divided into Tanhoku and Yakami districts, resulting in a total of 16 districts. Izumikan was abolished in August 740 (Tenpyo 12) and restored to Kawachi Province, but in May 757 (Tenpyo Houji 1), it was separated again as Izumi Province. Then, in October 769 (Jingo Keiun 3), Yugenomiya (Yao City) was made the western capital and Kawachi Province was renamed Kawachi Shiki, but it was abolished in August the following year, 770 (Hōki 1), and Kawachi Province was restored. The provincial capital was located in what is now Fujiidera City, and Kokubunji was located in Kashiwara City.

During the Heian period, many manors were established and the Kawachi Genji clan, which continued under Minamoto no Yorinobu, Yoriyoshi, and Yoshiie, was based here, but during the Kamakura period, the power of the kokushi declined and during the Kenmu Restoration, Kusunoki Masashige became the shugo (military governor), and during the Nanboku-cho period, Chihaya Castle and Akasaka Castle became bases for the Southern Court. The Northern Court's Hosokawa and Takao clans were followed by the Hatakeyama clan as shugo during the Muromachi period, but during the Sengoku period, it became a battleground for many warlords, and the area became the domain of Toyotomi clan, passing through Miyoshi Nagayoshi and Oda Nobunaga. After the fall of the Toyotomi clan in the Summer Siege of Osaka, the area was combined with the Edo Shogunate's direct territories, Tannan Domain (Takagi clan, 10,000 koku), Sayama Domain (Hojo clan, 10,000 koku), as well as daimyo enclaves, hatamoto domains, Miyatosho family domains, and temple and shrine domains, and welcomed the Meiji Restoration. In 1869 (Meiji 2), Kawachi Prefecture and 18 domains including Tannan and Sayama were created, and in 1871, Sakai, Kawachi, Gojo, Tannan, and other 16 prefectures were created, and in the same year, they were merged into Sakai Prefecture. In 1881, it was incorporated into Osaka Prefecture. Currently, it is divided into the cities of Moriguchi, Hirakata, Yao, Tondabayashi, Neyagawa, Kawachinagano, Matsubara, Daito, Kashiwara, Habikino, Kadoma, Fujiidera, Higashiosaka, Shijonawate, and Katano, as well as parts of the cities of Osaka and Sakai, and Minamikawachi County.

In ancient times, immigrants brought advanced culture to Kawachi, and many other ancient tombs are scattered around the area, including the Furuichi Tomb Group, which is centered around the tomb of Emperor Ojin (Kondayama Tomb). Kawachi prospered as a strategic location connecting Naniwa and Yamato. In the Middle Ages, the Southern Court's imperial palace was also located here. In the early modern period, the culture of Osaka spread to Kawachi, and the area was a producer of Kawachi cotton.

[Atsushi Fujimoto]

"The History of Osaka Prefecture" by Atsushi Fujimoto (1969, Yamakawa Publishing)" ▽ "The History of Osaka Prefecture, 7 volumes and 1 supplementary volume (1978-95, Osaka Prefecture)" ▽ "Kawachi" by Ryo Ota (1925, Isobe Koyodo)

Source: Shogakukan Encyclopedia Nipponica About Encyclopedia Nipponica Information | Legend

大阪府南東部の旧国名。五畿内(きない)の一国で、略して河州(かしゅう)。東は山城(やましろ)・大和(やまと)、南は紀伊(きい)、西は摂津(せっつ)・和泉(いずみ)の諸国に接する。古くは摂津の一部と和泉全域をも含み、大河内(おおしこうち)、凡河内(おおしこうち)などとよばれた。早くから皇室の直轄地として、三野(みの)、志紀(しき)、紺口(こんく)、大鳥、茅渟(ちぬ)などの県(あがた)が設けられたが、大化改新後、河内国、摂津国（津国）に分かれ、701年（大宝1）国を4等級に分けたとき、大国に属した。郡の数は、初め、錦部(にしこり)、石川、古市、安宿部(やすかへ)、堅下(かたしも)、堅上、高安、河内、讃良(さらら)、茨田(まむた)、交野(かたの)、若江、渋川、志紀、丹比(たちひ)、大鳥、和泉、日根の18郡。716年（霊亀2）3月このうち和泉、日根2郡を割いて茅渟（珍努）宮(ちぬのみや)に供し、4月さらに大鳥、和泉、日根3郡が、和泉監(げん)として分離されたため15郡となった。ついで720年（養老4）11月堅上、堅下の2郡を合併して大県(おおあがた)郡とし14郡となり、鎌倉時代に丹比郡を丹南(たんなん)、丹北(たんほく)の2郡に、丹北郡をさらに丹北、八上(やかみ)両郡に分割したため、以後16郡となった。和泉監は740年（天平12）8月廃止、河内国に復したが、757年（天平宝字1）5月ふたたび和泉国として分立した。ついで769年（神護景雲3）10月、由義宮(ゆげのみや)（八尾(やお)市）を西の京とし河内国を河内職(しき)と改めたが、翌770年（宝亀1）8月廃止して河内国が復旧した。国府はいまの藤井寺市、国分寺は柏原(かしわら)市にあった。

　平安時代には多くの荘園(しょうえん)がおこり、また源頼信(よりのぶ)、頼義(よりよし)、義家(よしいえ)と続く河内源氏の本拠も置かれたが、鎌倉時代には国司の権が衰え、建武(けんむ)新政のとき楠木正成(くすのきまさしげ)が守護となり、南北朝時代には千早(ちはや)城、赤坂(あかさか)城は南朝方の根拠地となった。北朝方の細川、高(こう)氏に次いで畠山(はたけやま)氏が室町時代にかけて守護となったが、戦国時代には群雄争奪の舞台となり、三好長慶(みよしながよし)、織田信長を経て豊臣(とよとみ)氏の領国となる。大坂夏の陣で豊臣氏滅亡後は、江戸幕府直轄地および丹南藩（高木氏1万石）、狭山(さやま)藩（北条氏1万石）のほか、大名飛地(とびち)領、旗本領、宮堂上(とうしょう)家領、社寺領が交錯し、明治維新を迎えた。1869年（明治2）河内県および丹南、狭山以下18藩、71年堺(さかい)、河内、五条、丹南など16県となり、同年堺県に統合。81年大阪府に編入された。現在は、守口(もりぐち)、枚方(ひらかた)、八尾、富田林(とんだばやし)、寝屋川(ねやがわ)、河内長野、松原、大東(だいとう)、柏原、羽曳野(はびきの)、門真(かどま)、藤井寺、東大阪、四條畷(しじょうなわて)、交野(かたの)の各市、大阪・堺両市の一部、南河内郡に分かれる。

　古代には渡来人により高度の文化がもたらされ、応神(おうじん)陵（誉田山(こんだやま)古墳）を中心とする古市(ふるいち)古墳群のほか、多数の古墳群が散在し、難波(なにわ)と大和を結ぶ要衝として繁栄。中世には南朝の皇居も置かれた。近世には大坂の文化が波及し、河内木綿(もめん)の産地であった。

［藤本　篤］

『藤本篤著『大阪府の歴史』（1969・山川出版社）』▽『『大阪府史』全7巻・別巻1（1978～95・大阪府）』▽『太田亮著『河内』（1925・磯部甲陽堂）』

出典　小学館　日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)について　情報 | 凡例