Agricultural Land Law -

Japanese: 農地法 - のうちほう
Agricultural Land Law -

In a broad sense, it can mean laws related to farmland, but generally it refers to the Farmland Law (Law No. 229 of 1952) enacted in 1952. Here, we will use the latter meaning.

The Farm Land Law was enacted with the aim of permanently maintaining the results of land reform, based on the principle of self-cultivation, which holds that "farmland is best owned by the farmer himself," and aimed to adjust the ownership and utilization of farmland, with the "purpose of promoting the stabilization of the position of farmers and the increase of agricultural productivity" (Article 1).

In line with this objective,
(1) The transfer of ownership of agricultural land (or pasture land) or the conversion of agricultural land to a purpose other than agricultural use requires the permission of the prefectural governor, etc. (Articles 3 to 5)
In order to prevent the revival of the landlord system seen before the Second World War,
(2) Absentee landlords and resident landlords whose land area exceeds an average of one hectare in each prefecture will not be allowed to own tenant land (Article 6).
(3) Except in cases where the contract is terminated by agreement between the parties, the lease of agricultural land shall not be terminated unless there is a "legitimate reason," such as "when the lessee has acted in bad faith" (Article 20).
(4) Require the payment of fixed rent and the writing of tenancy contracts
(5) In cases where the rent exceeds 25% of the value of the rice harvested in a paddy field or 15% of the value of the main crop in a field, the tenant farmer has the right to demand a reduction in the rent from the landowner (Article 24).
The bill includes various provisions that follow on from the land reform legislation, such as:

However, the rapid economic growth that was based on industry from the 1960s onwards and the rapid increase in imported agricultural products under the GATT regime led to a rapid disintegration of the farming class. In this context, the Farmland Law of 1952 (Showa 27) began to show aspects that were not suited to the situation in its current form. In other words, lower-class farmers were increasingly leaving farming or taking up other occupations, and an increasing number of farmers were scaling back or abandoning their operations, while a small number of farmers were trying to expand the land they operated. The farmland reform was focused solely on the transfer of ownership of farmland from landlords to tenant farmers, and did not directly address the management style of farmers. The important issue for agricultural policy was to "structurally improve" the traditional system of small-scale agricultural management and to make Japanese agriculture more efficient and modern. However, the rapid economic growth and the progress of industrialization and urbanization caused the price of farmland to soar, strengthening farmers' desire to hold on to it as an asset.

The expansion of farming operations through the transfer of ownership became increasingly difficult due to the soaring prices of farmland. Moreover, farmers who were leaving farming or trying to scale down their operations did not even consider renting out their farmland to other farmers under lease agreements. This was because tenant rights were strongly protected under the Farmland Law, and once farmland was rented out, it was difficult to get it back. Thus, the practice of "contracting out" farming operations and the transfer of land plots, which circumvented the Farmland Law, became more common. Furthermore, while the Farmland Law envisioned "farmers" as the main producers of agriculture, corporations such as agricultural production corporations began to appear. In light of these new circumstances, it was considered important for agricultural policy in a situation where the capitalist market economy was highly developed and economic deregulation was progressing to maintain the core of the Farmland Law while revising it and setting up bypasses around the Farmland Law to promote the liquidity of farmland and to improve the agricultural structure in order to streamline and modernize farming operations.

Furthermore, from the 1970s onwards, in addition to the issue of streamlining agricultural management through farmland liquidity, new problems arose surrounding farmland use. These were the increase in abandoned and under-cultivated land due to depopulation and aging, as well as an agricultural product surplus and increased imports. These hindered the effective use of farmland, brought about the degradation of the national land, and ultimately hindered improvements to the agricultural structure. For this reason, there was an increasing need to develop and mobilize a series of farmland-related laws in addition to the Farmland Law.

[Kiyoshunshu 3]

Revision details

In this way, the Farmland Law itself was revised several times, in 1962, 1970, and 1980. While the basic philosophy of the Farmland Law, which is based on the principle of owner-farmers, was maintained in some way, in reality it was diluted. The basic direction of the revisions was to concentrate farmland use as much as possible in the hands of independent management (core farming families) by relaxing and abolishing the maximum area restrictions on owner-farmer farmland acquisition and gradually expanding the lease of farmland, thereby expanding the scale of management, improving the structure of Japanese agriculture, and making it more efficient and modern.

In the 1962 (Showa 37) amendment,
(1) In order to foster self-reliant management, the maximum area limit for acquiring farmland rights (three hectares for prefectures) will be relaxed.
(2) Legal recognition of the agricultural production corporation system;
(3) Establishment of a farmland trust system by agricultural cooperatives (JAs),
In line with the principles of the Basic Agricultural Law enacted in 1961, the bill aimed to promote the liquidity of farmland, centering on self-cultivated land, and to encourage joint management and the establishment of agricultural production corporations.

The 1970 (Showa 45) amendment was a major change and was both important and groundbreaking. It was a groundbreaking reform that aimed to modernize and streamline Japanese agriculture by rolling back the traditional self-cultivation farming system and promoting the leasing of farmland. The main points of the amendment are as follows:

(1) The maximum area restriction on the acquisition of farmland rights will be abolished, and the minimum area will be raised in order to expand the scale of farming.

(2) The requirements for agricultural production corporations will be relaxed in order to promote their establishment.

(3) In order to promote the liquidity of farmland through land leasing, existing regulations on leasing will be relaxed (such as by abolishing the maximum rent control and making it easier to request changes to rent, thereby strengthening the rights of landowners and making it easier to rent out farmland).

(4) In order to promote the liquidity of farmland, we will introduce management contract businesses by agricultural cooperatives and land holding rationalization businesses by farmland holding rationalization corporations.

Furthermore, it became clear that there were limitations to the liquidation of farmland and the streamlining and modernization of agriculture that was premised on the Farmland Law. As mentioned above, new problems arose, such as the reduction of rice production due to an excess of rice, the increase in uncultivated land due to depopulation, the soaring land prices due to urbanization, and the degradation of farmland. This led to the need to enact new farmland-related laws as a bypass for the Farmland Law, while at the same time preserving farmland and making effective use of it, and improving the agricultural structure by liquidating farmland. Over the course of the ensuing process, a series of bypass farmland-related laws were developed and expanded, and the role of the Farmland Law itself declined.

One example of this is the revision of the Law Concerning the Development of Agricultural Promotion Areas (commonly known as the Agricultural Promotion Law, enacted in 1969) in 1975. This opened the way for municipalities to carry out farmland utilization promotion projects and collectively establish utilization rights (such as leases for a fixed period) for agricultural land within a certain area, and promoted the liquidity of farmland by making such rights "exempt from the application of the Farmland Law." This led to an expansion of leasing that circumvented the Farmland Law, which in turn led to the effective use of farmland and the expansion of the scale of management.

In 1980, the Agricultural Land Utilization Promotion Act was enacted as a separate law to expand and develop the agricultural land utilization promotion project extracted from the Agricultural Promotion Act. At the same time, the Agricultural Land Act was also partially revised to allow for payment in kind of the previous fixed-amount rent payment system with the approval of the Agricultural Land Committee. This was also a relaxation of the previous Agricultural Land Act regulations in order to release farmland from small-scale farmers and use the money to expand the scale of their operations.

Furthermore, a series of farmland-related laws were enacted in 1989 and 1993. In 1989, the following law was enacted to further accelerate the improvement of the agricultural structure, which had been nothing more than a slogan but had not produced any results, and to revitalize mountainous areas (multifaceted use of farmland), which were becoming increasingly difficult due to the progress of depopulation, aging, and the deterioration of farmland.
(1) Amendment to the Agricultural Land Utilization Promotion Act,
(2) Enactment of the Specified Farmland Lending Law,
(3) Notification regarding improvements to the operation of the agricultural promotion system and relaxation of approval standards for agricultural land conversion,
In 1993, amid the progress of economic globalization, seven related laws, including the Farmland Law and the Agricultural Cooperative Law, were revised, centering on a fundamental revision of the Agricultural Land Utilization Promotion Law, in order to foster "efficient and stable management entities with excellent management sense." At the same time, a new law was enacted concerning the development of relevant laws for strengthening the agricultural management foundation (Agricultural Management Foundation Strengthening Promotion Law). Furthermore, the Specified Rural Area Revitalization Law was enacted to promote measures for rural areas, particularly mountainous and hilly areas. These aims can be said to be aimed at revitalizing regions by promoting the use of farmland, and at promoting the structural improvement of Japanese agriculture by encouraging the liquidity of farmland use.

When the Agricultural Land Law was enacted in 1952, the agricultural industry was envisioned to be comprised of farmers who live in the area and are engaged in farming themselves, and it was assumed that such farmers were the ones who could acquire and hold ownership and use rights to agricultural land. This idea was maintained for a long time after the Second World War, albeit in a roundabout way. However, since the 1960s, agricultural industry has gradually diversified, and non-farm business-like management, such as limited companies and various corporate management, has been formed in areas such as livestock farming and greenhouse horticulture, and these have come to account for a significant proportion of agricultural production. In this context, around the mid-1990s, opinions such as "We should begin to reconsider the cultivator principle on which the Agricultural Land Law is based" and "Corporate corporations should also be allowed to acquire agricultural land" were publicly expressed by business circles. In response to this, the Ministry of Agriculture, Forestry and Fisheries decided on the Outline of Agricultural Policy Reform in December 1998. In response to this, it was decided that companies that had not previously been recognized as agricultural corporations would be recognized only as "corporations that are a form of agricultural production corporations." This opened the way for corporations to enter the agricultural industry under certain conditions, and the "Revised Farmland Law" was enacted in November 2000.

[Kiyoshunshu 3]

"Considering the farmland system - its history, current situation and prospects" by Harada Juntaka (1997, National Agriculture Chamber) " "Japan's farmland system" by Sekiya Shunsaku (1981, Agricultural Promotion Area Research Association)

[References] | Tenant farmers | Landlords | Landlord-tenant relations | Landlord system | Agricultural cooperatives | Law for promoting the strengthening of agricultural management bases | Agricultural policy | Land reform

Source: Shogakukan Encyclopedia Nipponica About Encyclopedia Nipponica Information | Legend

Japanese:

広義には農地に関する法令を意味することもあるが、一般的には1952年(昭和27)制定の「農地法」(昭和27年法律第229号)をさすことが多い。ここでも後者の意味で取り上げる。

 農地法は、農地改革の成果を恒久的に維持すべく、「農地はその耕作者みずからが所有することを最も適当」とするとの自作農主義の理念に立脚して、農地の所有および利用関係の調整を図り、「耕作者の地位の安定と農業生産力の増進とを図ることを目的」(1条)として制定された。

 この目的に沿って、
(1)農地(または採草放牧地)の所有権移転、あるいは農地以外の目的への農地転用に際しては、都道府県知事等の許可を必要とする(3~5条)
といった制限が加えられることになった。また、第二次世界大戦前にみられたような地主制の復活を阻止するために、
(2)不在地主、および都府県で平均1ヘクタールを超える在村地主の小作地所有を認めない(6条)
(3)当事者の合意による解約の場合を除いて、「賃借人が信義に反した行為をした場合」など「正当の事由」がなければ農地の賃貸借の解除を認めない(20条)
(4)小作料の定額金納ならびに小作契約の文書化を義務づける
(5)小作料額が、田で収穫米価額の25%、畑で収穫主作物価額の15%を超えた場合に、小作人の地主に対する小作料減額請求権を法認する(24条)
など、農地改革の線を引き継ぐ諸規定が盛り込まれた。

 しかし、1960年代以降の工業を基軸とした高度経済成長や、ガット体制において輸入農産物が急増し、その結果農民層の分解が急激に進展した。そうしたなかで、1952年(昭和27)の農地法は、そのままの形では状況にそぐわない面が生じてきた。すなわち、下層農家を中心に離農や兼業化が進み、経営を縮小したり廃止する農家が増大する一方、少数の農家は経営地を拡大しようとした。農地改革は、農地の所有権を地主の手から小作人の手に移すという所有権移転のみを主眼とし、農家の経営形態に直接には触れなかった。旧来の零細な農業経営の体制を「構造改善」して、日本農業の効率化・近代化を図っていくことが、農政にとって重要課題とされた。だが、経済の高度成長と工業化・都市化の進展は、農地の価格を高騰させ、農家がその農地を資産として保有し続けようとする志向を強めた。

 所有権の移転による経営拡大は、農地価格の高騰によってしだいに困難になった。また、離農したり経営を縮小しようとする農家は農地を賃貸借契約によってほかの農家に貸しつけようともしなかった。農地法の下では小作権が強く保護されていたので、いったん農地を貸すと、返してもらうことが困難だったからである。こうして、農地法をすりぬける形での「請負」による経営や、耕地片の授受が進行した。また、農地法では農業生産の担い手として「農家」を想定してきたが、それにとどまらず農業生産法人をはじめ、法人が登場してきた。こういった新たな状況をふまえて、農地法の根幹は維持しつつ、それを手直しし、また農地法の周辺にバイパスを設定して農地の流動化を促進し、農業構造の改善による経営の効率化・近代化を図ることが、資本主義市場経済が高度の発展をし、経済の規制緩和が進む状況下の農政にとっても、重要な課題とされた。

 さらに、1970年代以降になると、農地流動化による農業経営の合理化という問題のほかに、新たな問題が農地利用をめぐって生じてきた。過疎化や高齢化の進展、農産物の過剰化や輸入増大に伴う耕作放棄地や不作付地の増大がそれである。これらは、農地の有効利用を妨げ、国土の荒廃をもたらし、ひいては農業構造の改善を妨げることにもなった。このため、農地法とともに一連の農地関連法を整備し、動員する必要が強まったのである。

[暉峻衆三]

改正内容

このようにして、農地法それ自体も1962年(昭和37)、70年、80年など、数次にわたって改正されることになった。そこでは、前述の自作農主義に立脚する農地法の基本理念は曲がりなりにも保持されながら、現実にはそれが薄められていったといってよい。改正の基本的方向は、自作農の農地取得の最高面積制限を緩和・撤廃したり、農地の賃貸借を漸次拡大することによって、農地の利用を自立経営(中核的農家)にできるだけ集中していき、それによって経営規模の拡大、日本農業の構造改善、効率化・近代化を図ることにあった。

 1962年(昭和37)の改正では、
(1)自立経営を育成するために、従来の農地の権利獲得の最高面積制限(都府県で3ヘクタール)の緩和、
(2)農業生産法人制度の法認、
(3)農業協同組合(農協)による農地信託制度の創設、
などが盛り込まれた。1961年制定の農業基本法の理念に沿って、自作地を基軸に農地の流動化を図り、共同経営、農業生産法人の設立を促進することをねらったものであった。

 1970年(昭和45)の改正では、内容が大幅に変更され、重要かつ画期的なものとなった。従来の自作農主義を後退させ、農地賃貸借の促進によって日本農業の効率化・近代化を図ろうとした画期的なものであった。そのおもな内容は、以下のとおりである。

(1)農地の権利取得の最高面積制限を廃止し、あわせて下限面積を引き上げて経営規模の拡大を図る。

(2)農業生産法人の要件を緩和し、その促進を図る。

(3)借地による農地流動化を促すため、賃貸借についての従来の規制を緩和する(小作料の最高額統制を廃止し、小作料の変更請求をしやすくするなど、地主側の権利を強めて農地を貸しやすくする)。

(4)農地流動化を促進するため、農業協同組合による経営受託事業や農地保有合理化法人による保有合理化事業を導入する。

 さらに、農地法を前提とした農地流動化、農業の効率化・近代化には限界のあることが明らかになった。また前述のように、米の過剰に伴う減反や過疎化による不作付地の増大、都市化に伴う地価高騰、農地荒廃といった新たな問題が発生するに及んで、農地法のバイパスとして新たな農地関連法を制定しつつ、農地の保全とその有効利用、また農地流動化による農業構造の改善を図っていく必要に迫られることになった。その後の経過の下で、バイパスである一連の農地関連法が整備、拡充されるなかで、農地法自体の役割は低下した。

 その一例として、1975年には農業振興地域の整備に関する法律(通称農振法、1969年制定)が改正された。市町村が農地利用増進事業を行い、一定区域内の農用地について集団的に利用権(一定期間の賃貸借など)を設定する道が開かれ、その設定については「農地法の適用外」として農地流動化の促進が図られた。こうして、農地法をすり抜ける形での賃貸借の拡大、それによる農地の有効利用と経営規模の拡大が図られることとなったのである。

 1980年(昭和55)には、農振法のなかの農用地利用増進事業だけを抜き出して、これを拡充発展させるべく、単独立法である農用地利用増進法が制定された。同時に農地法も一部改正され、従来の小作料の定額金納制については、農地委員会の承認があれば物納を認めることとした。これも零細農家から農地を放出させて規模拡大に振り向けるべく、従来の農地法の規制を緩めたものであった。

 さらに、1989年と93年にも一連の農地関連法が制定された。1989年には、かけ声だけでいっこうに成果のあがらない農業構造の改善をさらに加速し、かつ過疎化、高齢化、農地荒廃が進むなかで困難の度を増す中山間地域の活性化(農地の多面的利用)を図るべく、
(1)農用地利用増進法の改正、
(2)特定農地貸付法の制定、
(3)農振制度の運用改善と農地転用の許可基準の緩和についての通達、
が行われた。また、93年には、経済のグローバル化が進展するなか、「経営感覚に優れた効率的・安定的な経営体」を育成するため、農用地利用増進法の抜本的改正を中心に、農地法、農協法など七つの関連法が改正された。あわせて、新たに農業経営基盤強化のための関係法律の整備に関する法律(農業経営基盤強化促進法)が制定された。さらに、中山間地域をはじめ、農村地域対策を推進するため、特定農山村地域活性化法が制定された。これらは、農地利用の促進による地域活性化と、農地利用の流動化の促進による日本農業の構造改善の推進を目ざしたものといえる。

 1952年(昭和27)の農地法制定時には、農業の担い手として「その地域に居住し、自ら耕作に従事する農業者」からなる農家が想定され、そのような農業者こそが農地の所有権や利用権を取得し保有しうるものとされてきた。その考えは、曲がりなりにも第二次世界大戦後長い間にわたって維持されてきたといってよい。しかし、1960年代以降、農業の担い手はしだいに多様化し、畜産や施設園芸といった分野をはじめとして、有限会社や各種の法人経営など、農家でない企業的経営が形成され、それが農業生産のかなりの比重を占めるまでになってきた。こうしたなかで、90年代なかばごろになると、財界などから「農地法の拠ってたつ耕作者主義の見直しに着手すべきだ」、「株式会社にも農地を取得する権利を認めるべきだ」といった意見が公にされるようになった。これを受けて農林水産省は1998年(平成10)12月、農政改革大綱を決定した。そのなかで、それまで農業法人として認められていなかった企業については、「農業生産法人の一形態としての株式会社」に限り認めるとした。一定の条件の下で株式会社の農業参入の道を開くことになり、2000年11月、「改正農地法」が成立した。

[暉峻衆三]

『原田純孝著『農地制度を考える――農地制度の沿革・現状と展望』(1997・全国農業会議所)』『関谷俊作著『日本の農地制度』(1981・農業振興地域調査会)』

[参照項目] | 小作農 | 地主 | 地主・小作関係 | 地主制 | 農業協同組合 | 農業経営基盤強化促進法 | 農業政策 | 農地改革

出典 小学館 日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)について 情報 | 凡例

<<:  Bladder worm

>>:  Farmland Drainage - Uchihaisui

Recommend

Alfonso III

Around 852 - 910 or 911 The greatest and last king...

Leonotis nepetaefolia (English spelling) Leonotisnepetaefolia

…[Ichiro Sakanashi]. … *Some of the terminology t...

Compulsory management

This is a forced execution against real estate ow...

English Garden - English Garden

A type of landscape garden developed in England be...

Thin - Thin

The aesthetic ideal of Basho's haiku. One typ...

Hairline point - Kamigiwaten

…In the inner chapters of the Zhuangzi, it is sai...

Ābāqā Khān (English spelling)

1234‐82 The second Khan of the Ilkhanate. Reigned ...

Suikyou - Suikyou

Also written as suikyo or fukiuso, it generally me...

Counter-Reformation (English spelling)

The term refers to the Reformation from the Catho...

Dascyllus trimaculatus (English spelling) Dascyllustrimaculatus

...It is a large fish with three wide black verti...

Swallowtail Butterfly - Swallowtail Butterfly

…An insect of the Lepidoptera order, the family P...

Gee, A.

... In contrast to the history of America (Hollyw...

Endo Tsuneharu

1667-1689 A daimyo in the early Edo period. Born ...

Causal relationship

It refers to the relationship of cause and effect...

Embroidered Buddha

Embroidery depicting Buddhist statues or Buddhist ...