Martian

Japanese: 火星人 - かせいじん
Martian

An imaginary creature thought to live on Mars. There have been many stories about aliens since ancient times, but the most well-known are stories about Martians who are said to have built an advanced civilization on Mars, which were popular in Japan from the Meiji to Taisho eras. A debate ensued over their existence, and their existence was eventually denied scientifically. However, Martians continued to feature repeatedly in science fiction and other works, not only during the debate but also after it ended, leaving a lasting impact. This shows that the existence of aliens (space aliens) is a subject of great interest to the general public.

The basis for the theory of the existence of Martians is the discovery of a network of fine canals stretching from the south pole to the north pole on the surface of Mars, made up of two lines, a pattern that could only be interpreted as artificial. The canal-like pattern was interpreted as a huge civil engineering project carried out by Martians to survive on Mars, which has little water. The thin stripes were discovered by the Italian Schiaparelli in 1877, and named canali (waterways), which was mistaken for a canal.

American Lowell, who switched from studying Japanese culture to astronomy, was particularly vocal in his assertion of the existence of a Martian civilization and Martians. However, the idea of ​​a thin line canal itself was doubted, and it ended up remaining a minority opinion in the academic world. In the world of fiction, many works were written on the subject of Martians, including H. G. Wells's The War of the Worlds. Wells, in particular, imagined Martians to have an octopus-like appearance, citing the weak surface gravity of Mars, the thin atmosphere, and the fact that the brain is so developed that other organs are becoming unnecessary.

[Hiromitsu Yokoo]

[Reference] | Aliens

Source: Shogakukan Encyclopedia Nipponica About Encyclopedia Nipponica Information | Legend

Japanese:

火星に生息すると考えられた想像上の生物。古来、宇宙人に関する話は多くあるが、もっともよく知られるのは火星に高度文明を築いているという火星人についての話であり、日本でも明治から大正時代にかけて流行した。その存在をめぐって論争が展開され、結局、科学的にも存在は否定された。しかし論争のさなかはもちろん、論争が終わったのちもSFなどに繰り返し火星人は取り上げられ、長く影響を残した。このことは一般大衆にとって、とくに異星人(宇宙人)の存在が大きな関心の対象であることを示すものといえる。

 火星人存在説の根拠は、望遠鏡による眼視観測で、火星表面に南極から北極に至る細線運河状の網目が張り巡らされており、しかもそれが2本の線で構成されているという、人工的としか解釈できない模様が観測されたことによる。そして運河状の模様は、水の少ない火星で火星人が生きるために巨大な土木工事を行ったものと解釈された。細い筋(すじ)模様は1877年にイタリアのスキャパレリが発見し、カナリ(水路)と命名、これが運河と誤解されたのだという。

 日本文化の研究から天文学に転じたアメリカのローウェルは、とくに火星文明と火星人の存在を強く主張した。しかし細線運河そのものが疑われ、学界では少数派のまま終わった。小説の世界ではH・G・ウェルズの『宇宙戦争』はじめ多くの火星人を題材とする作品が書かれた。とくにウェルズはタコに似た姿形の火星人を想定し、その理由として、火星の表面重力の弱いこと、大気の薄いこと、脳が発達して他の諸器官が無用化しつつあること、などをあげた。

[横尾広光]

[参照項目] | 宇宙人

出典 小学館 日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)について 情報 | 凡例

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