According to quantum field theory, an elementary particle generates additional energy through interactions with itself and other elementary particles, and it appears as if the elementary particle's mass has changed (compared to the case without the interaction). This additional energy is called self-energy. For example, the mass of an electron is the sum of the part due to self-energy generated by interaction with an electromagnetic field (photon) (electromagnetic mass) and the other part (bare mass). However, when measuring the mass of an elementary particle, it is not possible to measure the part due to self-energy separately from the other parts. Moreover, when calculating the self-energy, there are cases where it becomes infinite, which has been seen as an example of the incompleteness of quantum field theory. However, according to the "renormalization theory" of Tomonaga Shinichiro and J. Schwinger, depending on the type of interaction, it may be possible to remove this infinite quantity from the theory and obtain a finite, definite calculation result. The basic interactions between elementary particles, such as the interaction between electrons and electromagnetic fields, the weak electromagnetic interaction which generalizes this to include weak interactions, and the strong interaction described by quantum chromodynamics, are "renormalizable" theories. Electrons in solids have a certain self-energy due to their interaction with the crystal lattice, and this is added to their original mass to form the effective mass of the electron in the solid. Nucleons in atomic nuclei may also be defined to have a mass different from that of free nucleons, which is also the effect of the self-energy that nucleons have within the atomic nucleus. [Jiro Maki] [Reference] | |Source: Shogakukan Encyclopedia Nipponica About Encyclopedia Nipponica Information | Legend |
場の量子論によれば、一つの素粒子は自分自身や他の素粒子との相互作用によって付加的なエネルギーを生じ、あたかもその素粒子の質量が(相互作用のない場合と比べて)変化したようにみえる。この付加的なエネルギーを自己エネルギーとよぶ。たとえば電子の質量は、電磁場(光子)との相互作用で生ずる自己エネルギーによる部分(電磁的質量)とそれ以外の部分(裸の質量)とを加え合わせたものである。しかし、素粒子の質量を測定するときには、自己エネルギーによる部分を他の部分から分離して測定することはできない。しかも自己エネルギーを計算すると無限大となってしまう場合があり、場の量子論の不完全さの一例とみられてきた。 しかし、朝永(ともなが)振一郎とJ・シュウィンガーの「くりこみ理論」によれば、相互作用の種類によっては、この無限大の量を理論のなかから引き去って有限確定の計算結果を求めることが可能な場合がある。電子と電磁場の相互作用、あるいはこれを弱い相互作用を含めて一般化した弱電磁相互作用、量子色力学で記述される強い相互作用など素粒子間の基本的相互作用は「くりこみ可能」な理論である。固体の中の電子は結晶格子との相互作用によってある種の自己エネルギーをもつので、これを元の質量に加えて固体内電子の有効質量という。原子核中の核子についても自由な核子と異なる質量を定義する場合があり、これも核子が原子核内でもつ自己エネルギーの効果である。 [牧 二郎] [参照項目] | |出典 小学館 日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)について 情報 | 凡例 |
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