Gas layer - Gaso

Japanese: ガス層 - がすそう
Gas layer - Gaso

A reservoir that contains natural gas. Natural gas exists in the gaps between sandstone and limestone that make up the gas layer. Gas layers are broadly divided into structural gas layers and water-soluble gas layers. A structural gas layer is a layer in which natural gas has migrated and accumulated from the source rock, just like an oil layer. The natural gas in a gas layer is mainly composed of methane, but also contains heavier components such as ethane and propane. In gas layers that contain a large amount of heavy components, as the gas layer development progresses and the gas layer pressure decreases, light liquid hydrocarbons separate from the gas. Such gas layers are called gas condensate layers, and are distinguished from gas layers that do not separate liquid. The phenomenon in which liquid separates as the gas layer pressure decreases is called retrograde condensation, and is a factor that must be taken into consideration in gas layer development. Currently, oil exploration is moving to deeper layers, but there is a tendency for more gas layers to be discovered than oil layers, and more gas layers are expected to be discovered in the future. In the United States, deep gas deposits with extremely low permeability that have not previously been the subject of development are being actively developed using new technologies.

A water-soluble gas layer is a geological layer that contains salt water with dissolved methane. Iodine is extracted from the salt water of water-soluble gas layers in Japan and is also exported to foreign countries. When extracting gas from a water-soluble gas layer, a large amount of water is pumped up, causing land subsidence, so the water that flows out to the surface is injected back into the gas layer. There is also a large high-pressure, high-temperature water-soluble gas layer on the Gulf of Mexico in the United States, and development technology is currently being researched.

[Shozo Tanaka]

[Reference] | Natural gas

Source: Shogakukan Encyclopedia Nipponica About Encyclopedia Nipponica Information | Legend

Japanese:

天然ガスを埋蔵する貯留層。天然ガスはガス層を構成する砂岩や石灰岩などの間隙(かんげき)の中に存在している。ガス層は構造性ガス層と水溶性ガス層とに大別される。構造性ガス層は、油層と同様に石油根源岩より天然ガスが移動集積した地層である。ガス層中の天然ガスはメタンを主成分とし、エタンやプロパンなどの重い成分をも含む。重い成分を多量に含むガス層ではガス層開発が進み、ガス層圧力が減少すると、ガスから軽質液体炭化水素が分離してくる。このようなガス層をガス・コンデンセート層といい、液体を分離しないガス層と区別する。ガス層圧力の低下とともに液体の分離する現象を逆行凝縮といい、ガス層開発で考慮しなければならない要件である。現在、石油探査は深い地層へ移行しているが、油層よりガス層が多く発見される傾向にあり、今後ますますガス層の発見が期待される。アメリカでは従来開発の対象にならなかった深部のきわめて浸透性の小さいガス層が新しい技術で積極的に開発されている。

 水溶性ガス層とは、メタンを溶解している塩水を埋蔵している地層をいう。日本の水溶性ガス層の塩水からはヨードが回収され、外国へも輸出されている。水溶性ガス層からガスを採収する際に多量の水が汲(く)み上げられ地盤沈下をおこすので、地表へ流出した水はふたたびガス層へ圧入される。アメリカのメキシコ湾岸にも大規模な高圧高温水溶性ガス層があり、開発技術を研究中である。

[田中正三]

[参照項目] | 天然ガス

出典 小学館 日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)について 情報 | 凡例

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