The theory of appearance

Japanese: 仮現説 - かげんせつ

…First, he wrote in Smyrna to the churches of Ephesus, Magnesia, Tralles, and Rome, and then in Troas to the churches of Philadelphia and Smyrna, and to Polycarp, the bishop of Smyrna. Common to these were thanks for the favor shown to him by the churches, an invitation for church unity, a warning against apparitionism (the belief that Jesus' life and suffering on earth are merely illusions, not reality) and Judaization, and a request to send an envoy to the Syrian Church. In the letter to Rome, he asked the believers to stop their campaign to spare his life and to allow him to die a martyr's death by sharing in the sufferings of Christ. …

From [Incarnation]

According to the Gnostics, this is nothing but the discovery of the hidden divinity in the flesh, and therefore the body is merely a temporary residence for the soul. This is called docetism. John, in contrast, not only made the incarnation a prerequisite for the cross and resurrection, but also gave it meaning and symbolism as an event of the Logos.

*Some of the terminology explanations that refer to "paradox theory" are listed below.

Source | Heibonsha World Encyclopedia 2nd Edition | Information

Japanese:

…まずスミュルナにおいてエペソ(エフェソス)，マグネシア，トラレス，ローマの諸教会にあてて，次にトロアスにおいてフィラデルフィアとスミュルナの教会およびスミュルナの監督ポリュカルポスにあてて書かれた。これらに共通している内容は，諸教会の好意に対する感謝，教会の一致団結の勧め，仮現説(地上のイエスの生涯や受難を現実ではなく単なる仮象とする説)とユダヤ教化への警告，シリア教会に使節を派遣することの依頼などである。ローマあての手紙では，信徒たちに彼の助命運動を止めて，キリストの受難にあずかる殉教の死を遂げさせてくれるよう頼む。…