Auditorium

Japanese: 観客席 - かんきゃくせき（英語表記）auditorium

In ancient Greece, hills were used to design outdoor theaters, with seating (theatlon) fanning out on three sides overlooking the central stage. After the ancient theatrical tradition ceased, medieval theater, which originated in churches, was performed inside cathedrals or on the streets, with spectators standing around the theater. Thus, while high-status spectators were provided with chairs, there were no clearly defined seating areas in the Middle Ages. During the Renaissance, theaters began to be built in Europe, but in 16th-century England, remnants of the performance style of traveling theater companies that used the courtyards of inns for their performances, created a unique theater style not found in other European countries, with a flat floor surrounding a protruding stage and boxes in circular or polygonal buildings surrounding it. From the 17th century onwards, European theaters became closer to their current form, with framed stages appearing, and spectator seating also began to have a flat floor and boxes on the second and third floors. In opera houses and other theatres, the ceilings reached five stories, which resulted in poor visibility and poor sound transmission, and the sense of intimacy between the stage and the audience naturally diminished. In order to ensure this interaction, the 20th century saw a resurgence of interest in the arena, circular, and semicircular stages (see Arena Stage).

Source: Encyclopaedia Britannica Concise Encyclopedia About Encyclopaedia Britannica Concise Encyclopedia Information

Japanese:

古代ギリシアでは丘陵を利用して野外劇場を設計し，中央の舞台を見おろして三方へ扇状に延びる観客席 (テアトロン) を丘の斜面に設けた。古代演劇の伝統が一度とだえて，新たに教会のなかから発生した中世演劇は，聖堂内部や街頭で演じられ，見物人はそれを取囲んで立見をした。したがって，社会的地位の高い見物客には椅子の便宜が与えられることはあっても，明確な観客席は中世には存在しない。ルネサンス期になると，ヨーロッパでは劇場が建ちはじめたが，16世紀のイギリスは，宿屋の中庭を利用して興行した巡業劇団の上演形式の名残りをみせて，張出し舞台を取囲む平土間と，それを取巻く円形や多角形の建物に設けた桟敷席を観客席とする，他のヨーロッパ諸国にはない独自の劇場形式を生んだ。 17世紀以後，ヨーロッパの劇場は現在の形に近くなり，額縁舞台が現れ，観客席も平土間と2階，3階の桟敷席をもつようになった。オペラ劇場などではさらに5階にまで達し，その結果，声の通りが悪く舞台も見にくくなり，舞台と観客席との間の親近感も自然に薄れてきた。そこで，この交流を確保するために，20世紀になって張出し舞台，円形舞台，半円形舞台が再評価されはじめた (→アリーナ・ステージ ) 。

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