Mulatto (English spelling) mulat(t)o

Japanese: ムラート - むらーと(英語表記)mulat(t)o
Mulatto (English spelling) mulat(t)o

This refers to the mixed race of white Europeans and blacks in the Americas. Since the mid-16th century, interbreeding has progressed between white Europeans (mainly Portuguese) who conquered the Americas, black Africans who were brought as slaves or plantation workers, and indigenous Indians. The increase in the number of mixed races and the complex branching of mixed race types has led to the creation of various naming systems (classification systems of castes) in addition to the categories of white, Indian, and black. In particular, in Mexico and Peru, detailed classifications of castes, including mulatto, have been recorded, and it is said that they continued to exist until the first half of the 19th century, regardless of how much they were actually used. However, in Brazil, mulatto is called mulatto, and refers to the mixed race of whites and blacks. Physical characteristics include medium height, medium head, narrow nose, black or brown eyes, and thick lips. Although their hair is curly like that of blacks, it can be straightened, and their skin color varies widely from light brown to dark brown. This is related to factors such as the degree of intermarriage and region, and some researchers distinguish between light-skinned and dark-skinned mulattos.

In Brazil, the races, including mixed races, are not socially or economically homogeneous groups with a hierarchical relationship, and it is not uncommon for mulattos, who make up more than 20% of the total population, to play an active role in the so-called upper classes. This is one of the reasons why Brazil prides itself on being a country that practices racial democracy, but it is not completely free of racial prejudice. It should not be forgotten that there is a growing argument, mainly among black activists, that the distinction between mulattoes and blacks is a distinction created by white people in the past simply based on skin color, and is not based on racial identification.

[Yuji Seki]

[Reference] | Mixed race

Source: Shogakukan Encyclopedia Nipponica About Encyclopedia Nipponica Information | Legend

Japanese:

アメリカ大陸におけるヨーロッパ系白人と黒人の混血をよぶ。16世紀のなかば以来、征服者であるヨーロッパ系白人(主としてポルトガル人)、奴隷やプランテーション労働者として連れてこられたアフリカ系黒人、それに土着のインディオの間で混血が進んできた。こうした混血者の増加と、混血タイプの複雑な分岐は、白人、インディオ、黒人というカテゴリーのほかに、さまざまな名称体系(カスタの分類体系)を生み出した。ことにメキシコやペルーではムラートをはじめとする細かいカスタの分類が記録されており、どこまで実際に用いられたかはともかく、19世紀前半まで存続したという。ただしムラートは、ブラジルではムラットとよび、白人と黒人の混血をさす。身体的特徴としては、中背、中頭、狭鼻、黒色あるいは褐色の瞳(ひとみ)、厚い口唇があげられる。頭髪は黒人に似て縮れてはいるものの、まっすぐにすることは可能であり、皮膚の色も明褐色から暗褐色と、その幅は広い。これは混血の度合いや地域性などの要素と関係しており、明色系ムラットと暗色系ムラットとに分ける研究者もいる。

 ブラジルの場合、こうした混血種を含めて、各人種が社会的、経済的に同質の集団として上下関係をもって位置づけられてはおらず、総人口の20%以上を占めるムラットが、いわゆる上層階級で活躍することもまれではない。これが、ブラジルが自国を人種上の民主主義を実践している国と誇っている理由でもあるが、しかし、まったく人種的偏見がないというわけではない。黒人活動家を中心に、ムラットと黒人の区別は、過去において白人が単に皮膚の色を基準につくりあげた区別であって、人種的識別に基づいたものではないという議論が高まっていることも忘れてはならない。

[関 雄二]

[参照項目] | 混血

出典 小学館 日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)について 情報 | 凡例

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