Quarantine - Boueki

Japanese: 防疫 - ぼうえき
Quarantine - Boueki

Quarantine was originally a synonym for the prevention (control) of infectious diseases, and from an administrative perspective, it was first used in 1897 (Meiji 30), when the Ministry of Home Affairs' Health Bureau's Quarantine Division was established following the enactment of the Infectious Diseases Prevention Law. However, the term quarantine was used earlier in connection with the Infectious Diseases Prevention Regulations (1880), which were enacted in response to the major cholera epidemics of 1877 and 1879. The Infectious Diseases Prevention Regulations classified infectious diseases into six types - cholera, typhoid, dysentery, diphtheria, rash typhus, and smallpox - and defined acute infectious diseases with particularly high fatality rates and strong contagiousness as "epidemics," and referred to the organized activities of the national and local governments to effectively prevent them as "quarantine prevention." Quarantine prevention is broadly divided into normal times and outbreak times, and infectious diseases with low transmissibility and mortality rates, tuberculosis, and sexually transmitted diseases that have a strong social impact were treated separately. However, as the incidence of these diseases drastically decreased, the term "infectious disease control" became more common than the term "quarantine prevention," and the more comprehensive term "infectious disease control" came to be used. Reflecting this, the Quarantine Prevention Division (former Ministry of Health and Welfare) was renamed the "Health Information Division" in 1975, and then the "Tuberculosis and Intractable Disease Infection Division Infectious Disease Control Office" in 1985, and is now the "Tuberculosis and Infectious Diseases Division" of the Ministry of Health, Labor and Welfare. In terms of laws, the Infectious Disease Prevention Act was abolished in 1999, and replaced by the Infectious Disease Prevention and Medical Care Act (Infectious Disease Act). Therefore, when referring to quarantine, it is common to limit the term to measures taken when acute infectious diseases occur. Prevention of the entry of foreign infectious diseases is treated as quarantine administration, and is distinguished from domestic quarantine.

The conditions for the outbreak of an infectious disease are three factors: pathogens, transmission routes, and host susceptibility. In Japan, modern medicine-based quarantine measures began with susceptibility measures (vaccinations), such as cowpox inoculations against smallpox during the Kaei era (1848-54) and the popularization of vaccination by vaccination centers in 1858 (Ansei 5). Then, following the cholera epidemics of 1877 (Meiji 10) and 1879, pathogen control measures, including quarantine, and transmission route measures (living environment measures) were introduced. As a result, vaccination became the priority for the prevention of smallpox and polio, while environmental measures were used for cholera and dysentery, and pathogen control was also given priority for typhoid in addition to the above. In other words, the nature and emphasis of quarantine measures differed depending on the disease.

Modern disease prevention is based on the principle of collecting disease information and establishing a constant monitoring system (surveillance), and in addition to international cooperation projects led by the World Health Organization (WHO), domestic epidemic forecasting projects and infectious disease surveillance projects are being promoted. A good example of a successful project led by the WHO is the smallpox eradication plan, and an example of an achievement in Japan is the use of live vaccines to combat polio.

[Kasuga Hitoshi]

[References] | Infectious Disease Prevention and Medical Care Act | Quarantine | Infectious Disease Prevention Act

Source: Shogakukan Encyclopedia Nipponica About Encyclopedia Nipponica Information | Legend

Japanese:

防疫とは、元来、伝染病の予防(コントロール)と同義語であって、行政機構のうえからみると、1897年(明治30)の「伝染病予防法」の制定に伴い、内務省衛生局「防疫課」が設けられたのが最初である。しかし、これより先、1877年と79年のコレラ大流行を契機として制定された「伝染病予防規則」(1880)に関連して防疫の語が用いられている。伝染病予防規則は、伝染病をコレラ、腸チフス、赤痢、ジフテリア、発疹(はっしん)チフス、痘瘡(とうそう)(天然痘)の6種としたうえ、とくに致命率が高く伝播(でんぱ)力の強い急性伝染病を「疫病」とし、その予防を効果的に行うため、国および地方自治体が組織的に活動することを「防疫」と称した。防疫は平常時と発生時に大別され、また、伝播性および致命率の低い伝染病や結核、性病のように社会性の強いものは別個に扱われていた。しかし、これら疾病が激減するとともに、防疫という語よりは「伝染病対策」の語が一般的となり、さらに、より広義の「感染症対策」という包括的な語が用いられるようになった。これを反映して防疫課(旧厚生省)も、1975年(昭和50)「保健情報課」に、85年にはさらに「結核難病感染課感染症対策室」と改められ、現在は厚生労働省「結核感染症課」となっている。また法律面でも、伝染病予防法は1999年(平成11)に廃止され、かわって感染症予防・医療法(感染症法)が施行されている。したがって、現在、防疫という場合には、前述の急性伝染病発生時の対策に限定して用いるのが普通である。なお、外来伝染病の侵入防止は検疫行政として扱われ、国内防疫とは区別される。

 伝染病発生の条件は「病原体」「伝播経路」「宿主の感受性」の三要因であるが、わが国で近代医学に基づく防疫は、痘瘡に対する嘉永(かえい)年間(1848~54)の牛痘接種、1858年(安政5)の種痘館(種痘所)による種痘の普及といった感受性対策(予防接種)が端緒であった。続いて1877年(明治10)と79年のコレラ大流行によって、検疫を含む病原体対策、経路対策(生活環境対策)が導入された。その結果、痘瘡やポリオの防疫は予防接種が優先され、コレラや赤痢は環境対策が、腸チフスは以上に加え、病原体対策が重点とされるようになった。つまり、疾病別に防疫のあり方、重点の置き方が異なるのである。

 現代の防疫は、疾病の情報収集と常時監視制度(サーベイランス)の確立が原則とされ、WHO(世界保健機関)を中心とする国際協力事業のほか、国内における流行予測事業、感染症サーベイランス事業などが推進されている。WHOが中心となって成功した好例が痘瘡の根絶計画であり、わが国における成果としては、生(なま)ワクチンによるポリオ対策などがあげられている。

[春日 齊]

[参照項目] | 感染症予防・医療法 | 検疫 | 伝染病予防法

出典 小学館 日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)について 情報 | 凡例

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