It is a performing art in which flat puppets, animals, and tools are manipulated to accompany narration, song, and music, and one or many light sources are used to project them onto a white screen to tell a story. The oldest traditional Asian shadow puppets are from China and India, where they have developed uniquely in terms of content and form. Indonesia comes next, and although the stories originate from India, it is generally believed that they originated uniquely in Indonesia. The Malaysian version was directly influenced by Indonesia and has since changed, and there are also Cambodian and Thai shadow puppets. In Japan, there were "hand shadow puppets" and "cut-out shadow puppets" during the Edo period, and "Awa specialty finger puppets" in the Meiji period, but full-scale shadow puppetry had to wait until after World War II, and today the shadow puppet theater troupe "Jeune Pantre" (led by Seiji Fujishiro) continues to be active as a representative presence. The Chinese puppet puppet (called different names in different regions) was recorded as a form of spirit possession in the Han dynasty, and was seen in various places from the Tang dynasty until before World War II, but has now completely fallen into decline. Today, puppets are made for tourists, and although there are reports of a revival, it has not yet become common. Most puppets are made from donkey skin and are painted, and when projected onto a screen, their colors shine vividly. Each is about 20 to 25 centimeters tall, with movable knees, wrists, elbows, and waist, and a replaceable head. The stories they played were mainly "Journey to the West" and "Legend of the White Snake." This puppet puppet was also introduced to Taiwan, where it is currently performed around Kaohsiung. The Javanese shadow puppet theater "wayang kulit" (wayang means shadow, kulit means leather), which is fantastic and highly refined and comparable to the Chinese shadow puppet theater, has a tradition of almost 10 centuries and is still actively performed today in various places, mainly in Surakarta and Yogyakarta in central Java. Although the contents of the puppet theater are taken from the ancient Indian epics "Mahabharata" and "Ramayana", they have become completely Javanese over the years. They combine elements of ancestor worship, Buddhism, Hinduism, and Islam, forming a unique Javanese view of life, and continue to occupy an important position as the core of Javanese spiritual culture. The puppets are made of buffalo hide and vary in height from about 10 centimeters to just over 1 meter, with each set containing more than 700 puppets. They are carefully chiseled and painted, but the shadows are still black. The audience seats are either on the shadow side or the non-shadow side, with the shadow side being the backside. Under the light of a single palm oil lamp (nowadays electric light is often used), a single dalang (puppeteer in wayang) performs a story with only a general outline, mostly improvising it. The dalang controls all the puppets by himself, and is also responsible for all narration, including narration and dialogue, directs the accompanying gamelan, and controls the progress of the story. One story takes about eight and a half hours to perform, from around 8:30 pm to just after 5 am. There are over 200 basic stories, and many are original. There are no permanent performance halls, and the dalang troupe is invited to perform on important occasions in life, such as weddings, birthdays, and circumcision celebrations, or on other public anniversaries, in the performers' own homes or public buildings. Wayang Kulit can be divided into about 20 different types in terms of content, including "Wayang Purwo" (Purwo means origin), which is based on the two great epics of ancient India, "Wayang Gedok" (Gedok comes from the sound of striking), which is based mainly on the Javanese heroic tale "Panji", "Wayang Madio" (Madio means middle), which features historical figures, and "Wayang Catholic", which appeals to Christian doctrine. However, only the oldest type, Wayang Purwo, is popular today. Balinese "Wayang Kulit" began to be performed in Bali when Javanese nobles who hated the invasion of Islam moved to Bali in the 15th and 16th centuries. It mainly focuses on Wayang Purwo, but also includes stories about Buddha. Malaysian shadow puppetry is also called "wayang kulit". The puppets are made from buffalo hide and are only performed in the Kelantan region near the Thai border. Most of the plays are based on the Ramayana, and only the shadow side is shown to the audience. There are roughly four styles in India, all completely different. There is no consensus on the origin. Those from Andhra Pradesh on the Coromandel coast, Orissa on the Bay of Bengal, and Karnataka on the southern plateau are mainly made of goatskin, with the colors reflected in the shadows, while those from Kerala on the Malabar coast are made of buffalo skin, with black shadows. However, all of them play the Ramayana, and cannot be said to be popular today. Thailand's two types of shadow puppet theatre, "nang," are also on the decline, and are based on the Ramayana and made from buffalo hide. The Turkish shadow play "Karagöz" is a short, improvised comedy with satire, centered around two main actors. In Europe, it was popular in Germany and England in the 18th and 19th centuries, and especially in France, where it was called Ombre Chinoise (Chinese Shadow), and later French Shadow Play. [Ryo Matsumoto] Matsumoto Ryo, "A Study of Javanese Shadow Puppets" (1975, Toshobo) ▽ Matsumoto Ryo, "Wayang" (1977, Heibonsha) ▽ Matsumoto Ryo, "Illustrated Guide to Wayang Puppets" (1982, Mekon) ▽ "The Basics of Wayang" by Seno Sastroamijoyo, translated by Matsumoto Ryo, Takeuchi Hiromichi, and Hikita Hiroko (1982, Mekon) ▽ Yamamoto Keiichi, "Shadow Puppet Play in Edo: A Cultural History of Light and Shadow" (1988, Soshisha) ▽ Sekimoto Teruo and Funabiki Takeo (eds.), "When National Culture is Born: Contemporary Asia-Pacific and Its Traditions" (1994, Libroport) ▽ Matsumoto Ryo, "Enjoying Wayang" (1994, Mekon) ▽ "The Universe of the Ramayana: Tradition and Ethnic Formation," edited by Kaneko Kazushige, Sakata Teiji, and Suzuki Masataka (1998, Shunjusha) " "The Story of Sbaek: Cambodian Shadow Play," edited by the Public Relations Division of the Soto Zen International Volunteer Association (1998, Soto Zen International Volunteer Association)" "Performance Studies: Where Theatre and Cultural Anthropology Meet," written by Richard Schechner and translated by Takahashi Yuichiro (1998, Jinbun Shoin) [References] | | | | | | | | | |Source: Shogakukan Encyclopedia Nipponica About Encyclopedia Nipponica Information | Legend |
語りや歌、音楽などにつれて扁平な人形や動物、道具類を操り、1個また多くの光源を利用してそれらを白い幕に映し、物語を進行させる芸能をいう。アジアの伝統的な影絵芝居は中国とインドがもっとも古く、内容的にも形態的にも独自の展開を示した。これに次ぐのがインドネシアで、物語はインドに由来するが、その始原についてはインドネシア独自のものとの定説がある。マレーシアのものは直接的にはインドネシアの影響を受けて変貌(へんぼう)し、ほかにカンボジアやタイの影絵芝居がある。日本では江戸時代に「手影絵(てかげえ)」「切抜き影絵」、明治になって「阿波(あわ)名物指人形」などがあったが、本格的な影絵芝居は第二次世界大戦後を待たねばならず、今日、影絵人形劇団「ジュヌ・パントル」(藤城清治(ふじしろせいじ)主宰)がその代表的存在として活動を続けている。 漢代に降神術的口寄せとしてその存在が記録され、唐代以降第二次世界大戦前まで各地でみられた中国の皮影(ひえい)(各地で呼び名が異なる)も、すっかり衰退してしまった。今日ではその人形が観光客向けにつくられ、再興が伝えられはするものの、まだ一般化するには至っていない。人形は多くはロバの皮でつくられ、彩色され、幕に映されると鮮明な彩りをみせる。高さはどれもほぼ20~25センチメートルで、両膝(ひざ)、両手首、両肘(ひじ)、腰が動き、首がすげ替えられる。物語は『西遊記』や『白蛇伝』などが中心であった。この皮影は台湾にも伝わり、現在高雄(たかお/カオシュン)周辺で上演されている。 幻想的できわめて洗練された中国の皮影に匹敵するジャワの影絵芝居「ワヤン・クリ」wayang kulit(ワヤンは影、クリは皮革の意)はほぼ10世紀の伝統をもち、今日なおジャワ中部のスラカルタ、ジョクジャカルタを中心に各地で盛んに上演されている。そこに盛られている内容は、物語こそ古代インドの叙事詩『マハーバーラタ』『ラーマーヤナ』からとってはいるものの、長い歳月のうちに完全にジャワ化している。祖霊信仰、仏教、ヒンドゥー教、イスラム教の諸要素をない交ぜ、独特のジャワ人の人生観を形成して、ジャワの精神文化の中核をなすものとして重要な位置を占め続けている。人形は水牛の皮でつくられ、高さは10センチメートルほどから1メートル余りまで人物によって異なり、1セット約700体を超える。丹念な「のみ打ち」作業で透(すかし)彫りが施され、彩色されてはいるが、影はあくまでも黒い影である。客席は、影の側にも影でない側にもあり、影の側は裏側であるとされる。1灯のやし油の光(現在では電灯を使用することが多い)のもとに、たった1人のダラン(ワヤンにおける人形師)が、大筋があるだけの演目をほとんど即興で語り込んでゆく。このダランが1人で人形のすべてを操ると同時に、地語り、対話など語りのいっさいを受け持ち、伴奏ガムランの指揮、物語の進行のすべてを支配する。午後8時半ごろから朝の5時過ぎまで約8時間半をかけて一つの演目が上演される。演目は基本的なもので200は超え、創作も多い。上演場所は常設小屋があるわけでなく、結婚式、誕生日、割礼の祝いなど人生の節目や公共記念日などにダラン一座が招かれ、当家もしくは公共の建物内で催される。 ワヤン・クリは、内容的には20種類ほどに分けられる。古代インドの二大叙事詩から取材した「ワヤン・プルウォ」(プルウォは始原の意)、ジャワの英雄譚(たん)『パンジ』をおもな内容とする「ワヤン・ゲドク」(ゲドクは打音に由来する)、歴史上の人物を登場させる「ワヤン・マディオ」(マディオは中間の意)、キリスト教教義を訴える「ワヤン・カトリック」など。しかし今日盛行しているのは、もっとも古くからのワヤン・プルウォだけである。 バリ島の「ワヤン・クリ」は、15~16世紀にイスラム教侵入を嫌ったジャワの貴族たちがバリへ移り、それとともにバリで上演されるようになったものである。ワヤン・プルウォが中心だが、仏陀(ぶっだ)の物語も混じる。 マレーシアの影絵芝居も「ワヤン・クリ」とよばれる。人形は水牛の皮でつくられ、タイとの国境近くのケランタン地方で行われるだけである。演目は大半が『ラーマーヤナ』に取材し、観客には影の側だけをみせる。 インドには大きく四つほどのスタイルがあり、まったく異なる。起源については定説がない。コロマンデル海岸のアンドラ・プラデシュ州、ベンガル湾岸のオリッサ州、南部高原のカルナータカ州のものはヤギ皮が主で、彩色が影に映るが、いま一つのマラバル海岸のケララ州のものは水牛の皮によるもので、影は黒である。しかしいずれも演目は『ラーマーヤナ』で、今日盛行しているとはいえない。 タイの大小2種類の影絵芝居「ナン」nangも衰退の一途にあり、『ラーマーヤナ』を内容として、水牛の皮でつくられている。 トルコの影絵芝居「カラギョーズ」は、2人の主役を中心とした短い即興的笑劇で風刺を利かせている。ヨーロッパでは、18~19世紀にかけてドイツやイギリス、ことにフランスではオンブル・シノアーズ(中国の影の意)、のちにフランス影絵の名で盛行した。 [松本 亮] 『松本亮著『ジャワ影絵芝居考』(1975・濤書房)』▽『松本亮著『ワヤン』(1977・平凡社)』▽『松本亮著『ワヤン人形図鑑』(1982・めこん)』▽『セノ・サストロアミジョヨ著、松本亮・竹内弘道・疋田弘子訳『ワヤンの基礎』(1982・めこん)』▽『山本慶一著『江戸の影絵遊び――光と影の文化史』(1988・草思社)』▽『関本照夫・船曳建夫編『国民文化が生れる時――アジア・太平洋の現代とその伝統』(1994・リブロポート)』▽『松本亮著『ワヤンを楽しむ』(1994・めこん)』▽『金子量重・坂田貞二・鈴木正崇編『ラーマーヤナの宇宙――伝承と民族造形』(1998・春秋社)』▽『曹洞宗国際ボランティア会広報課編『スバエクの物語――カンボジアの影絵芝居』(1998・曹洞宗国際ボランティア会)』▽『リチャード・シェクナー著、高橋雄一郎訳『パフォーマンス研究――演劇と文化人類学の出会うところ』(1998・人文書院)』 [参照項目] | | | | | | | | | |出典 小学館 日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)について 情報 | 凡例 |
...In Buddhism, this true knowledge is called enl...
...The general name for the three families who ma...
…Reigned 668-627 BC. His correct name was Aššur-b...
One of the judicial systems of the Kamakura Shogu...
What is the disease? It refers to "abnormali...
Originally, in China, it referred to the situation...
A general term for accessories and attachments. O...
... refers to plants with a differentiated body o...
…An old county in the northern part of Heilongjia...
Discoid lupus erythematosus is an abbreviation for...
(The current name was adopted in 1971.) Crime sta...
Austrian ballerina who represents the Romantic ba...
[1] (Noun) ① A Buddhist term. A classification of ...
…A general term for steroid hormones produced and...
Year of death: 2nd June 1705 (22nd July 1705) Year...