Double Penalty Provisions

Japanese: 両罰規定 - りょうばつきてい

Provisions that punish not only the direct perpetrator but also the principal corporation or person when a representative or employee of the principal corporation, or an agent, employee, or other employee of the principal commits a violation. Currently, most employer punishment provisions and corporation punishment provisions take this form. They are found not only in the field of administrative criminal law, but also in areas that are essentially considered criminal offenses, such as the Prostitution Prevention Law and the Law on the Punishment of Pollution Crimes Related to Human Health. In the past, the no-fault liability theory and the constructive negligence theory were influential in determining whether an employer should be held responsible for a violation by a direct perpetrator, but the Supreme Court adopted the presumption of negligence theory, and stated that in the application of the double punishment provision, the existence of negligence on the part of the employer is presumed, in that the employer did not exercise the necessary care in selecting and supervising the perpetrator, or in other ways, to prevent the violation. If the employer can prove that he or she exercised the necessary care in selecting and supervising the perpetrator, he or she will be exempt from criminal liability.

Source: Encyclopaedia Britannica Concise Encyclopedia About Encyclopaedia Britannica Concise Encyclopedia Information

Japanese:

業務主たる法人の代表者や従業者，または業務主たる人の代理人や使用人そのほかの従業者が違反行為をした場合に，直接の実行行為者のほかに業務主たる法人または人をも罰する旨の規定。現在では業務主処罰規定および法人処罰規定のほとんどがこの形式をとる。行政刑法の領域ばかりでなく，売春防止法や人の健康にかかわる公害犯罪の処罰に関する法律などにおけるように，実質的に刑事犯と考えられる分野にもある。直接行為者の違反行為について業務主が責任を負わされる根拠については，かつては無過失責任説や過失擬制説も有力であったが，最高裁は過失推定説を採用し，両罰規定の適用においては，行為者の選任，監督そのほか違反行為を防止するために必要な注意を尽さなかった業務主の過失の存在が推定されているとした。業務主が選任・監督上の注意を尽したことを立証すれば，刑事責任を免れることになる。

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