Gakubiwa

Japanese: 楽琵琶 - がくびわ
Gakubiwa

A biwa used for gagaku music. Its correct name is gagaku biwa. It is a stringed instrument of the lute family, thought to have originated in Iran, passed through South Asia, and was introduced from China before the Nara period. A beautifully decorated instrument used at that time is still on display in the Shosoin Repository. It resembles the Arabian oud in terms of its pear-shaped shape and curved neck, so it can be considered to share a common origin.

It is larger than other later biwas, but has a short neck and a total length of 106 centimeters (3 shaku 5 sun, which is why this instrument is also called "sango"). The plectrum is made of boxwood and is thin and light. It has four silk strings, including four low pillars, and is characterized by the fact that the strings are gathered together at the nobi strings. The tuning method varies depending on the key, and currently six tunings are used. In gagaku kangen ensembles, the main function is to establish rhythm and play arpeggios. For netori and tomete, only one plectrum (single note) is used to play short melodies. The tradition of solo pieces from the Heian period came to an end, but in recent years there have been attempts to restore it. Famous instruments with inscriptions such as "Iwao" and "Shinnyo" (Heian period) have been handed down.

[Sylvain Guignard]

Source: Shogakukan Encyclopedia Nipponica About Encyclopedia Nipponica Information | Legend

Japanese:

雅楽用の琵琶。正しくは雅楽琵琶。リュート属の弦鳴楽器で、イランに発し、南アジアを経て、奈良時代以前に中国から伝来したものと思われる。当時使用され、りっぱに装飾されたものが正倉院に現存する。西洋ナシの形と、曲頸(きょっけい)の点でアラビアのウードに似ているので、共通の起源をもつと考えることができる。

 後世の他の琵琶類より大きいが、頸部は短く、全長は106センチメートル(=3尺5寸。そのためこの楽器を「三五(さんご)」ともいう)。撥(ばち)はツゲ製で薄くて軽い。弦は絹製で4本、低い柱は4個あり、乗弦のところで弦が一つに寄せられているのが特徴。調弦法は各調によって異なり、現在は六調を用いる。雅楽の管絃(かんげん)合奏では主としてリズムを確立し、分散和音を奏する。音取(ねとり)や止め手の場合には、一つ撥(単音)のみを用いて短い旋律を奏する。平安時代にあった独奏曲の伝統はとだえたが近年復原が試みられている。「巌(いわお)」「神女(しんにょ)」(平安時代)などの銘をもつ名器が伝えられている。

[シルヴァン・ギニアール]

出典 小学館 日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)について 情報 | 凡例

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