A document that records the contents of medical treatment. Formally called a medical record. When a doctor performs medical treatment, he or she must record the details of the treatment in the medical record without delay (Article 24 of the Medical Practitioners Act). Doctors have an obligation to record and preserve medical records, as well as an obligation to maintain confidentiality, and violations are subject to penalties. The items that must be included in a medical record are: (1) the address, name, sex, and age of the person who received medical treatment; (2) the name of the illness and its main symptoms; (3) the method of treatment (prescription and procedures); and (4) the date of the medical treatment (Article 23 of the Enforcement Regulations of the Medical Practitioners Act). Medical records are to be kept for five years. The Medical Practitioners Act stipulates that records relating to medical treatments performed by doctors employed at a hospital or clinic must be kept by the facility administrator, while records relating to other medical treatments must be kept by the doctors themselves. Medical records are important not only for recording the progress of medical treatment, but also as medical documents, legal evidence, and original documents for accounting purposes. In recent years, there has been a move towards computerization, and electronic medical records are a general term for information systems that input medical information (information on the patient's condition, treatment progress, etc. obtained during medical treatment) that was previously recorded on paper into a computer, digitize it, and use it in medical treatment. In addition to having the functions of a conventional ordering system (a system in which doctors input instructions for prescriptions, tests, etc. into a computer and transmit them to each department), a function for referencing medical records and sharing information, a function for providing information to patients, a function for protecting personal patient information, and a function for subsequent use of data, it is necessary for electronic storage to meet three standards (ensuring authenticity, readability, and preservation). The benefits of introducing electronic medical records include the promotion of medical safety, improved quality and efficiency of medical care, provision of information to patients, and promotion of cooperation within and outside medical institutions. Various policies have been formulated, including the Grand Design for Informationization in the Healthcare Field (Ministry of Health, Labor and Welfare, January 2001), and the digitalization of medical institution data, networking between regional medical institutions, and the use of ICT (information and communication technology) are being promoted. In addition, efforts are being made toward the "data health reform" that aims to utilize genomic medicine and AI, promote personal health records (PHRs, a system that allows individuals and their families to accurately grasp their personal health and medical information) that link their own data to improvements in daily life, promote the use of information in medical and nursing care settings, and promote the effective use of databases (use of big data related to health care, revitalization of research by private companies and researchers, provision of treatment according to the patient's condition, etc.). Regarding the disclosure of medical records (provision of medical information), the basic idea is that, in principle, medical records should be disclosed upon request by the patient, from the perspective of the patient's right to self-determination and right to know, and legal provisions are being made. The "Guidelines for the Provision of Medical Information" (Ministry of Health, Labour and Welfare, September 2003), "Guidance for the Appropriate Handling of Personal Information by Medical and Nursing Care Businesses" (Personal Information Protection Commission/Ministry of Health, Labour and Welfare, April 2017), and the Personal Information Protection Act have been established, and it is required that procedures for disclosing medical records be made known to patients by posting notices within the hospital, and that the cost of disclosure be within a reasonable range taking into account actual costs. [Yukihiro Maeda February 17, 2020] Source: Shogakukan Encyclopedia Nipponica About Encyclopedia Nipponica Information | Legend |
診療の内容を記録した文書。正式には診療録という。医師は、医療を行ったときは、遅滞なく診療に関する事項を診療録に記載しなければならない(医師法24条)。医師には診療録の記載義務と保存義務、および守秘義務があり、違反行為には罰則規定がある。 診療録の必須記載事項は、(1)診療を受けた者の住所、氏名、性別および年齢、(2)病名および主要症状、(3)治療方法(処方および処置)、(4)診療の年月日、である(医師法施行規則23条)。 診療録の保存期間は5年間である。医師法には、病院または診療所の勤務医の行った診療に関するものはその施設管理者が、その他の診療に関するものはその医師が保存しなければならないと定められている。診療録は、単に診療の経過をみるばかりでなく、医学上の資料、法律上の証拠、会計上の原本として重要である。 近年は電子化の動きが進んでいるが、電子カルテとは、紙に記録していた診療情報(診療の過程で得られた患者の病状や治療経過等の情報)をコンピュータに入力し、電子化して診療に活用する情報システムの総称である。従来のオーダリングシステム機能(処方や検査などの指示を医師がコンピュータに入力し、各部門へ伝達するシステム)、診療録の参照および情報共有機能、患者への情報提供機能、患者個人情報の保護機能、およびデータの事後利用機能などを備えたうえに、電子保存の3基準(真正性・見読性・保存性の確保)を満たすことが必要である。 電子カルテ導入のメリットとしては、医療安全の推進、医療の質の向上や効率化、患者への情報提供、医療機関内外の連携の促進等があげられる。これまで、保健医療分野の情報化に向けてのグランドデザイン(厚生労働省2001年1月)をはじめとし、さまざまな施策等が策定されており、医療機関のデータのデジタル化および地域の医療機関間のネットワーク化、ICT(情報通信技術)利活用が推進されている。また、ゲノム医療・AI活用、自身のデータを日常生活改善等につなげるパーソナル・ヘルス・レコード(PHR。個人の健康・医療等情報を、本人や家族が正確に把握するための仕組み)の推進、医療・介護現場の情報利活用の推進、データベースの効果的な利活用の推進(保健医療に関するビッグデータ利活用。民間企業・研究者による研究の活性化、患者の状態に応じた治療の提供等)を目ざした「データヘルス改革」に向けた取組みも進められている。 カルテ開示(診療情報の提供)については、患者の自己決定権や知る権利などの観点から、患者の求めに応じて原則として診療記録を開示すべきであるという基本的な考え方がとられており、法的整備が図られている。「診療情報の提供等に関する指針」(厚生労働省、2003年9月)、「医療・介護関係事業者における個人情報の適切な取扱いのためのガイダンス」(個人情報保護委員会・厚生労働省、2017年4月)、および個人情報保護法が定められており、院内掲示などによりカルテ開示の手続き等を患者に周知するとともに、開示費用については実費を勘案して合理的と認められる範囲内とすることが求められている。 [前田幸宏 2020年2月17日] 出典 小学館 日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)について 情報 | 凡例 |
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