One of the Semitic nomads who founded the Neo-Babylonian (Chaldean) Empire. They settled in southern Babylonia around 1100 BC, and formed a unified tribal state at the end of the 8th century BC. In 625 BC, Nabopolassar gained independence in Babylon, and in 612 BC, he and the Medes captured the Assyrian capital of Nineveh and founded the Neo-Babylonian Empire. During the reign of his son Nebuchadnezzar II (reigned 605-562 BC), the kingdom occupied most of the former Assyrian territory, and in the capital Babylon, the Great Palace famous for its hanging gardens, the Great Temple with the Tower of Babel, the Triumphal Route, and the Great Wall were built or rebuilt, and the kingdom's politics, economy, and culture flourished greatly, reaching its heyday. It was Nebuchadnezzar who destroyed Jerusalem in 586 BC and took the king and others captive to Babylon, which is widely known as the Babylonian Captivity sung about in Lamentations. However, in 539 BC Nabonidus surrendered to the emerging Achaemenid Empire of Persia, and the empire fell within a century. Source: Encyclopaedia Britannica Concise Encyclopedia About Encyclopaedia Britannica Concise Encyclopedia Information |
新バビロニア (カルデア) 帝国を建設したセム系遊牧民の一つ。前 1100年頃バビロニア南部に定着し,前8世紀末に部族統一国家を形成,前 625年ナボポラッサルはバビロンで独立し,メディアと連合して,アッシリアの首都ニネベを前 612年に陥れ,新バビロニア帝国を建設した。その子ネブカドネザル2世 (在位前 605~562) 時代には国土も旧アッシリア領の大部分を占め,首都バビロンには吊庭で有名な大宮殿,バベルの塔をもつ大神殿,凱旋道路,大城壁などが建設,あるいは再建され,政治,経済,文化も大いに栄えて,王国の全盛時代を迎えた。前 586年エルサレムを破壊して王以下をバビロンに捕囚したのもネブカドネザルで,これは『哀歌』に歌われたバビロニア捕囚で広く知られている。しかし前 539年ナボニドスが新興のアケメネス朝ペルシアの軍門にくだり,帝国は1世紀足らずで滅亡した。
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