…This must be expressed externally, either explicitly or implicitly, but there is no set form in customary law. In response to criticism of the 1904 Russo-Japanese War, which saw the start of war without an explicit declaration of intent to fight, the Hague Peace Conference in 1907 established the Convention on the Initiation of War. Under this treaty, the contracting parties agreed not to start fighting between each other without clear prior notice in the form of a declaration of war or an ultimatum containing a conditional declaration of war, giving reasons for the declaration. From [Ultimatum]...But more commonly, it refers to a diplomatic document that describes what is sought to be obtained by threatening to resort to coercive measures or war if the other party does not accept it. The 1907 Treaty on the Declaration of War stipulated that the conditions for the start of hostilities must be in the form of a declaration of war or an ultimatum containing a conditional declaration of war. This ultimatum must be submitted as a clear and prior notice. For example, the notification of the end of diplomatic negotiations that Japan planned to submit to the United States after the attack on Pearl Harbor on December 8, 1941, cannot be said to have met this condition. *Some of the terminology used in reference to the "Treaty on the Declaration of War" is listed below. Source | Heibonsha World Encyclopedia 2nd Edition | Information |
…これは明示または黙示に外部に表示されねばならないが,慣習法上定まった形式はない。1904年の日露戦争での明示の戦意表明のない開戦に対する批判を契機に,07年のハーグ平和会議で〈開戦に関する条約〉が成立した。これにより締約国は,理由を付した〈開戦宣言(宣戦)〉または〈条件付開戦宣言を含む最後通牒〉という形式の明瞭な事前の通告なしに相互間に戦闘を開始してはならないことを承認した。… 【最後通牒】より…しかし普通には,相手方がそれを受諾しなければ強制措置または戦争に訴えると予告して,獲得しようとするものを記載する外交文書を指す。1907年〈開戦に関する条約〉は,敵対行為開始の条件として,開戦宣言の形式か,〈条件付開戦宣言ヲ含ム最後通牒〉の形式をとる必要を定めた。この最後通牒は明瞭なかつ事前の通告として提出されなければならず,たとえば41年12月8日真珠湾攻撃に際して日本がアメリカに提出を予定していた外交談判打切り通牒はこの条件を満たしたものとはいえない。… ※「開戦に関する条約」について言及している用語解説の一部を掲載しています。 出典|株式会社平凡社世界大百科事典 第2版について | 情報 |
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