Pleasure principle

Japanese: 快感原則 - かいかんげんそく(英語表記)pleasure principle
Pleasure principle

A fundamental idea that runs through Freud's psychoanalysis. It is sometimes called the "pleasure-displeasure principle." It is interpreted as meaning that the tendency to avoid discomfort and seek pleasure fundamentally governs human psychology, but since avoiding discomfort is easily understood as a defense mechanism, it is more clear to call it the pleasure principle. What Freud calls pleasure is not the sensory pleasure of hedonism. It is thought that the human mind works to avoid becoming tense or excited, and to release tension if it does arise. For example, when it gets hot in the summer, we sweat to dissipate body heat, and when it gets cold, we close our sweat glands to prevent body heat from escaping, which can be thought of as the same as the function of trying to maintain a constant body temperature. In this sense, it is a similar idea to homeostasis, tension-relief theory, and equilibrium theory.

The pleasure principle is the principle that governs unconscious mental activity, and conscious mental activity is not governed by the pleasure principle; instead, individuals are forced to temporarily give up on obtaining direct pleasure and accept unpleasant sensations. The pleasure principle is replaced by the reality principle. However, in the sense that accepting unpleasant sensations is ultimately merely a detour in the pursuit of pleasure, the reality principle is not opposed to the pleasure principle, and the pleasure principle is not denied. Even after becoming an adult, mental processes governed by the pleasure principle appear in dreams, fantasies, daydreams, play, wit, etc. The pleasure principle represents the basic idea of ​​the economic viewpoint of psychoanalysis, which seeks to understand mental phenomena through the increase and decrease of mental energy.

[Daisaku Tonobayashi and Masamichi Kawabata]

"Freud, translated by Tsuneo Imura, 'Formulas Concerning Two Principles of Mental Phenomena' (included in 'Collected Works of Freud 6', 1970, Jinbun Shoin)"

[References] | Reality principle | Psychoanalysis | Unconscious

Source: Shogakukan Encyclopedia Nipponica About Encyclopedia Nipponica Information | Legend

Japanese:

フロイトの精神分析を貫く原則的な考え方。「快・不快の原則」とよばれることもある。不快を避け、快を求めようとする傾向が人間の心理を基本的に支配しているという意味に解されているが、不快を避けることは防衛として理解されやすいので、快感原則というほうが明確である。フロイトが快感とよんでいるものは、快楽主義におけるような感性的な快感ではない。人間の心は緊張し、興奮をおこさないように、また、もし緊張がおきてくれば緊張を解放するように働くと考えられている。たとえば、夏になって暑くなれば、汗を出して体温を放散し、寒くなれば汗腺(かんせん)を閉じて体温を逃さないようにし、体温を一定の状態に維持しようとする働きと同じように考えられる。この意味で、ホメオスタシス、緊張解消論、均衡論と類似した考え方である。

 快感原則は無意識的な心の働きを支配する原則で、意識的な心の働きは快感原則によって支配されているわけではなく、直接的な快の獲得を一時的に断念し、また不快なことも受け入れざるをえない。快感原則は現実原則によってとってかわられることになる。しかし、不快を受け入れるのも、究極的には快を求めて回り道をしているにすぎないという意味で、現実原則は快感原則に反するものではなく、快感原則が否定されるわけではない。成人後も、夢、空想、白昼夢、遊び、機知などのなかに、快感原則に支配された心的過程が現れる。快感原則は心的エネルギーの増減によって心的現象を理解しようとする精神分析の経済的見地の基本的な考え方を示している。

[外林大作・川幡政道]

『フロイト著、井村恒郎訳「精神現象の二原則に関する定式」(『フロイト著作集6』所収・1970・人文書院)』

[参照項目] | 現実原則 | 精神分析 | 無意識

出典 小学館 日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)について 情報 | 凡例

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