Provisional attachment - provisional attachment

Japanese: 仮差押え - かりさしおさえ
Provisional attachment - provisional attachment

Regarding monetary claims, if there is a risk that future execution will be impossible or difficult due to the debtor fleeing or concealing or disposing of his/her assets, the debtor's right to dispose of the responsible assets is restricted. This is necessary when the creditor cannot immediately execute a claim because it needs to obtain a debt title, issue a writ of execution, and wait for the deadline to arrive, and if it is left until then, the current state of the debtor's assets may change.

Provisional attachment procedures are divided into provisional attachment court procedures, which decide whether or not to issue a provisional attachment order, and provisional attachment execution procedures, which are carried out based on a provisional attachment order. Provisional attachment court procedures begin with a written petition by the creditor to the court. At that time, the creditor must indicate the right to be preserved (the creditor's monetary claim against the debtor) and the reason for the provisional attachment (facts that warrant a provisional attachment, such as the debtor's reduction in assets due to overspending, cheap sales, donations, concealment, etc.). The creditor must provide prima facie evidence of the existence of these requirements. However, it is not permitted to substitute a deposit of a security or an oath for prima facie evidence. If the court finds that the above requirements exist, it will issue a provisional attachment order. Although this is an order, in terms of the nature of the trial, it is a decision, whether or not oral argument is held.

Execution (seizure) is carried out in accordance with the provisions of the Civil Execution Act based on the provisional attachment order. However, in principle, the execution of a provisional attachment remains at the stage of seizure and does not result in liquidation. If the provisional attachment is not executed within two weeks from the date of delivery of the provisional attachment order to the creditor, it cannot be executed thereafter, and there is also a system for suspension of execution orders. Furthermore, a provisional attachment order may be revoked due to non-compliance with the prosecution order on the merits or a change in circumstances.

In addition, provisional attachment procedures, along with provisional disposition procedures, were stipulated separately in the Civil Procedure Act (trial procedures) and the Civil Execution Act (execution procedures) until the Civil Preservation Act (Act No. 91 of 1989) came into effect (January 1, 1991), but after the Civil Preservation Act came into effect, they were integrated into civil preservation procedures.

[Yoshinobu Homma]

[Reference items] | Provisional disposition | Monetary claim | Decision | Seizure | Execution preservation procedure | Preservation measures | Civil preservation law | Order

Source: Shogakukan Encyclopedia Nipponica About Encyclopedia Nipponica Information | Legend

Japanese:

金銭債権に関して、債務者が逃亡したり、あるいは財産を隠匿・処分したりすることによって、将来の執行が不可能あるいは困難になるおそれのある場合に、かりに債務者に対しその責任財産の処分権を制限しておくこと。これは債権者が強制執行をするには、債務名義の取得、執行文の付与、期限の到来などを必要とする結果、ただちに執行できず、それまで放置しておくと債務者の財産の現状が変更される可能性のある場合に必要となる。

 仮差押え手続は、仮差押え命令を出すか否かを決定する仮差押え裁判手続と、仮差押え命令に基づき執行する仮差押え執行手続とに分かれる。仮差押え裁判手続は、裁判所に対する債権者の書面による申立てにより始まる。その際、被保全権利(債権者の債務者に対する金銭債権)と仮差押えを必要とする理由(債務者による濫費、廉売、贈与、隠匿などによる財産の減少など仮差押えをしておかなければならない理由となる事実)を表示しなければならない。債権者はこれらの要件の存在を疎明(そめい)(いちおうの証明)しなければならない。なお、疎明にかえて保証金の供託、宣誓をもってすることは許されない。裁判所は前記の要件の存在を認めると仮差押え命令を出す。これは命令とはいっても、裁判の性質としては、口頭弁論を開いても、開かなくても、決定である。

 仮差押え命令に基づいて民事執行法の規定により執行(差押え)が行われる。ただし、仮差押え執行は原則として差押えの段階にとどまり、換価には至らない。仮差押えの執行は、債権者に対して仮差押え命令が送達された日から2週間以内にしないと以後はできなくなり、また執行停止命令の制度もある。さらに、本案の起訴命令不遵守、事情変更により仮差押え命令が取り消されることもある。

 なお、仮差押え手続は仮処分手続とともに、民事保全法(平成1年法律第91号)が施行(1991年1月1日)されるまでは民事訴訟法(裁判手続)と民事執行法(執行手続)に分かれて規定されていたが、民事保全法施行後は民事保全として統合された。

[本間義信]

[参照項目] | 仮処分 | 金銭債権 | 決定 | 差押え | 執行保全手続 | 保全処分 | 民事保全法 | 命令

出典 小学館 日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)について 情報 | 凡例

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