It is an Arabic word meaning "victim" or "minister", and is used as it is in English. Wazirs first appeared in the Islamic world during the Abbasid dynasty (750-1258), and did not exist before the Umayyad dynasty (661-750). In the early Abbasid dynasty, the wazir was the personal assistant of the caliph, and was often the caliph's childhood tutor. When the bureaucratic system was established in the middle period, the wazir became the highest-ranking person in the bureaucratic organization and was the de facto head of administration in place of the caliph. After the 10th century, the Islamic world entered an era in which several military governments coexisted, and the wazir was the highest-ranking civil servant in each government. However, there were governments in which the wazir position was also occupied by military personnel, such as in the latter half of the Fatimid dynasty (909-1171). In the Ottoman dynasty, multiple wazirs were appointed, and the highest-ranking wazir was called the Grand Wazir. In modern times, the head of an administrative agency is called a Wazir, and the Prime Minister is called the Grand Wazir or Chief Wazir. [Akira Goto] Source: Shogakukan Encyclopedia Nipponica About Encyclopedia Nipponica Information | Legend |
「宰相」「大臣」などを意味するアラビア語で、英語でもそのまま用いられる。イスラム圏でワジールが出てくるのはアッバース朝(750~1258)からで、それ以前のウマイヤ朝(661~750)にはいなかった。アッバース朝初期においては、ワジールはカリフ個人の補佐役で、カリフの幼少期の家庭教師がその任にあたる場合が多かった。中期に官僚制度が整備されてくると、ワジールは官僚組織の最高位者となり、カリフにかわって実質的な行政の統轄者であった。10世紀以後はイスラム圏はいくつもの軍事政権が並存する時代となるが、ワジールは各政権の文官の最高位者であった。ただ、ファーティマ朝(909~1171)の後半期のように、ワジール職も軍人が占める政権もあった。オスマン朝ではワジールは複数が任命されたため、ワジールのなかの最高位は大ワジールと称した。現代では行政官庁の長官がワジールとよばれ、総理大臣は大ワジール、あるいはワジールの長とよばれる。 [後藤 明] 出典 小学館 日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)について 情報 | 凡例 |
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