… The form of oral tradition is sometimes closely related to the structure of the language spoken by the people who perform it. Many African languages are "tonal languages" in which all words are governed by certain tones, such as high, medium, and low tones. They are not simply different meanings of words depending on the tone, as in Chinese (Mandarin), but are "grammatical tonal languages" in which grammatical changes, such as the present, past, and future tenses of verbs, are also indicated by tone. This characteristic is strongly reflected in oral tradition, and in addition to the types of riddles found in Japan, there are many types of riddles, such as speed-up riddles and tone-matching riddles, especially in West Africa. … From the Nilo-Saharan language family…The Shari-Nail group is the largest branch of this family, and is further divided into (a) Eastern Sudanic, (b) Central Sudanic from Chad, Central Africa, and the Democratic Republic of the Congo to western Sudan, (c) Kunama in Eritrea, and (d) Berta on the Sudan-Ethiopia border. All languages in this family are tonal languages, with pitch accents. Many languages, especially the Eastern Sudanic languages, have the distinctive feature of expressing the singular/plural contrast with t/k (a prefix or suffix). … *Some of the terminology explanations that refer to "tonal languages" are listed below. Source | Heibonsha World Encyclopedia 2nd Edition | Information |
… 口承伝承の形式は,それを演じる人々が話している言語のしくみと,ときには密接な関係をもっている。アフリカの言語の多くは,すべての単語が高音,中音,低音などの一定の音調(トーン)に支配されている〈音調言語〉であり,それは中国語(北京語)のように音調(声調)によりただ単語の意味が異なるというのではなくて,たとえば動詞の現在形・過去形・未来形のような文法変化もが音調により示される〈文法的音調言語〉である。この性質は,口承伝承にも強く反映していて,なぞなぞでも日本に見られるような種類のほかにも,早口なぞなぞ,音調合せなぞなぞといったものが,とくに西アフリカには多く見いだせる。… 【ナイル・サハラ語族】より…シャリ・ナイルグループは,この語族最大の分枝であり,さらに(a)東スーダン諸語Eastern Sudanic,(b)チャド,中央アフリカ,コンゴ民主共和国からスーダン西部の中央スーダン諸語Central Sudanic,(c)エリトリアのクナマ語群Kunama,(d)スーダン・エチオピア国境のベルタ語群Bertaに細分されている。 この語族の言語はすべて,音の高低によるアクセントをもつ音調言語である。また多くの言語,特に東スーダン諸語では,単数/複数の対立を,t/k(接頭辞あるいは接尾辞)であらわすという特徴をもっている。… ※「音調言語」について言及している用語解説の一部を掲載しています。 出典|株式会社平凡社世界大百科事典 第2版について | 情報 |
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