...There is a considerable movement of population from rural to urban areas, and within urban areas, the expansion of large and medium-sized cities with populations of over 100,000 is noticeable. The 15 major languages listed in the Constitution are Assamese (Assamī), Bengali (Bengali), Gujarati (Gujarati), Hindi, Kannada, Kashmiri (Kashmiri), Malayalam, Marathi, Oriya, Punjabi (Punjabi), Sanskrit, Sindhi (Sindhi), Tamil, Telugu, and Urdu, but a 1992 amendment to the Constitution added Konkan, Manipuri, and Nepali. Kannada, Malayalam, Tamil and Telugu are of the Dravidian family, Manipuri is of the Sino-Tibetan family, and the rest are of the Indo-Aryan family. From Odisha...In the inland mountains, there was a movement to create small kingdoms by kings who were driven out of Rajasthan in the 5th to 6th centuries and the 10th to 11th centuries. In the 12th century, the Utkala Kingdom was established as a regional kingdom centered on the coastal plain, and it became the basis for the creation of a unique culture, including the Odia language (now the state's official language) and the Orissa style of architecture. It was later conquered by the Delhi Sultanate and the Mughal Dynasty, which were based in Delhi, and was incorporated into the British colony in 1803. *Some of the terminology that refers to "Odia language" is listed below. Source | Heibonsha World Encyclopedia 2nd Edition | Information |
…農村部から都市部への人口移動はかなり多く,また都市部のなかでは人口10万人以上の大・中都市の膨張が目だっている。 主要な言語として憲法にあげられたのはアッサム語(アッサミー)Assamī,ベンガル語(ベンガリー),グジャラート語(グジャラーティー)Gujarātī,ヒンディー語,カンナダ語Kannada,カシミール語(カシミーリー)Kashmīrī,マラヤーラム語Malayālam,マラーティー語,オリヤー語Oriyā,パンジャーブ語(パンジャービー)Punjābī,サンスクリット語,シンド語(シンディー)Sindhī,タミル語,テルグ語,ウルドゥー語の15であったが,92年の改憲によってこれにコンカン語,マニプル語,ネパール語が加わった。カンナダ,マラヤーラム,タミル,テルグの4語がドラビダ系(ドラビダ語族)に属し,マニプル語はシナ・チベット系に,他はインド・アーリヤ系(インド・ヨーロッパ語族)に属している。… 【オリッサ[州]】より…内陸山地では5~6世紀と10~11世紀に,ラージャスターンを追われた王たちが小王国をつくる動きがあった。12世紀にはウトゥカラ王国が海岸平野を中心に地方王国として成立し,オリヤー語(現,州公用語),オリッサ式建築様式などの独自文化を築くもとになった。以後デリーに根拠をおくデリー・サルタナット,ムガル朝により征服され,1803年には英領に編入された。… ※「オリヤー語」について言及している用語解説の一部を掲載しています。 出典|株式会社平凡社世界大百科事典 第2版について | 情報 |
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