Karachi - Karachi (English spelling)

Japanese: カラチ - からち(英語表記)Karachi
Karachi - Karachi (English spelling)

Pakistan's largest city, located in southern Pakistan facing the Arabian Sea. Located west of the mouth of the Indus River, it is also the country's largest port city. It was the country's temporary capital from 1947, when the country gained independence, until 1959. Population: 9,269,265 (1998), 14,910,352 (2017 census). The city is in an arid region, with only 204 mm of annual precipitation, but the city center is located on a low-lying delta formed between the Layali River to the north and the Malir River to the south, making it vulnerable to flood damage. Saltwater marshes with mangroves grow in the south and southwest of the city, and the port runs north-south through the center of the area.

The port of Sandaka, where Alexander the Great's general Nearchus waited for the end of the southwest monsoon in 325 BC on his way back from his eastern expedition, is believed to be located in this marshland. Karachi does not appear in history after that, and it was only in 1725 that a small fortress and fishing village were discovered here. In 1839, the British acquired it and used it as a base for their conquest of the Indus River basin, and after acquiring Sindh in 1843, they made it their provincial capital. Throughout the 19th century, Karachi grew as an outer port for the Indus River basin region and Afghanistan. In particular, the demand for cotton produced in Punjab increased due to the American Civil War from 1861 to 1865, and agricultural production in the region increased due to the development of irrigation channels, which expanded Karachi's port functions and promoted the formation of the city. The population reached 359,000 in 1941. At that time, Karachi was merely a regional central city consisting of four areas: the port area, the commercial area called the City on the delta bordering the port area to the northeast, the British government offices and high-end residential area (Civil Line) on the hill to the east, and the military garrison called the Cantonment to the southeast. However, with the partition and independence of India and Pakistan in 1947, Karachi was hastily established as the provisional capital of Pakistan, and a large number of Muslims began to flow in from India. The population increased dramatically to 1.119 million in 1951 and 1.913 million in 1961. The urban area also expanded significantly to the periphery, mainly in the north and northeast. With the exception of the northeastern area, which is mainly high-end residential areas, many slum areas have formed in these newly urbanized areas, which has become one of Karachi's urban problems. Industry has also developed in these surrounding areas, with spinning, cement, electrical machinery, and chemical fertilizers, and oil refining and steel manufacturing on the coast, making it the country's largest industrial base. Many of these industries are aimed at expanding employment for migrant workers. Water shortages have become serious as the population has rapidly increased, and the source of drinking water is the Indus River, 193 kilometers away.

[Ochi Toshiaki]

Source: Shogakukan Encyclopedia Nipponica About Encyclopedia Nipponica Information | Legend

Japanese:

パキスタン南部、アラビア海に臨む同国最大の都市。インダス川河口の西方に位置し、同国最大の港湾都市でもある。1947年の独立時から1959年までは仮首都であった。人口926万9265(1998)、1491万0352(2017センサス)。年降水量は204ミリメートルと少なく乾燥地帯に属するが、市の中心部が、北のラヤーリ川と南のマリール川との間に形成された低湿なデルタ上にあるため、洪水の被害を受けやすい。市の南と南西にはマングローブの生える塩水性湿地が広がり、その中央部を南北に縦断するように港がつくられている。

 紀元前325年、アレクサンドロス大王の東征の帰途、部将ネアルコスが南西モンスーンの終わるのを待ったというサンダカの港はこの湿地に比定されている。以後カラチは歴史に登場せず、やっと1725年になってここに小要塞(ようさい)と漁村があったことが判明している。1839年にイギリスはここを領有してインダス川流域攻略の拠点とし、1843年のシンド領有後はここにその州都を定めた。19世紀を通じてカラチは同川流域地方さらにはアフガニスタンの外港として成長していった。とくに1861~1865年のアメリカ南北戦争によるパンジャーブ産綿花への需要拡大、また用水路灌漑(かんがい)の発展による同地方の農業生産の拡大は、カラチの港湾機能を拡充させ都市形成を促進させた。人口も1941年には35.9万に達した。当時のカラチは、港湾地区、その北東に接するデルタ上のシティとよばれる商業地区、その東方の高台にあるイギリス人の官庁・高級住宅地区(シビル・ライン)、さらにその南東に広がるカントンメントとよばれる軍隊駐屯地の四つから構成された地方の中心都市にすぎなかった。しかし1947年のインド、パキスタンの分離、独立により、急遽(きゅうきょ)パキスタンの仮首都が置かれ、また多数のイスラム教徒がインドから流入してきた。人口は、1951年には111.9万、1961年には191.3万へと激増した。市街地も、北方および北東方を中心に周辺部に大きく拡大していった。高級住宅地を主とする北東方地区を除くと、これらの新しい都市化地区には多くの不良住宅地区が形成され、カラチの都市問題の一つとなっている。工業もこれらの周辺地区に発達し、紡績、セメント、電機、化学肥料、また海岸部には石油精製、製鋼などの工業が立地し、同国第一の工業化基地となっている。これらの工業の多くは流入者への雇用の拡大をも目的としている。人口急増につれ水不足が著しく、飲料用水源は193キロメートル離れたインダス川に仰いでいる。

[応地利明]

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